Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
Anxiety Disorders Diagnosis: Some History and Controversies
2 A Brief History of Anxiety Disorders Classification
3 Controversy in Classification of Individual Anxiety Disorders
3.1 Agoraphobia Past and Present, in the United States and Elsewhere
3.2 Posttraumatic Phenomena
3.3 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
3.4 OCD and Putatively Related Conditions
Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders
2 Lifetime Prevalence and Course
3 Special Issues Concerning Particular Anxiety Disorders
3.1 Agoraphobia Without a History of Panic Disorder
3.2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
3.3 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
3.4 Separation Anxiety Disorder
4 Comorbidity Among the Anxiety Disorders
5 The Societal Costs of Anxiety Disorders
Comorbidity in Anxiety Disorders
2 Psychiatric Disorders Comorbidity in Population-Based Studies of Adults
2.1 Concomitant Comorbidity with Mood Disorders
2.2 Lifetime Comorbidity with Mood Disorders
2.3 Concomitant Comorbidity with Substance Use Disorders
2.4 Lifetime Comorbidity with Substance Use Disorders
2.5 Comorbidity with Other Psychiatric Disorders
2.6 Findings from Prospective Studies
3 Psychiatric Disorders Comorbidity in Population-Based Studies of Children and Adolescents
3.1 Lifetime Comorbidity of Childhood and Adult Anxiety Disorders
3.2 Comorbidity with Mood Disorders
3.3 Comorbidity with Substance Use Disorders
3.4 Comorbidity with Other Psychiatric Disorders
4 Genetic Epidemiologic Approaches to Comorbidity
5 Comorbidity with Physical Disorders
5.1 Respiratory Conditions
5.2 Gastrointestinal Conditions
5.3 Allergies and Atopic Disorders
5.5 Cardiovascular Conditions
6 Future Directions and Conclusions
2.3 Association Studies/Interaction Analyses/Meta-Analyses
2.4 Gene-Environment Interaction Analyses
3 Analysis of Intermediate Phenotypes
5 Discussion and Perspectives
2 Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Studies
3 Antipredatory Defensive Systems
3.1 Amygdalar Systems Involved in Predator Detection
3.2 The Hipoccampal Formation and the Contextual Analysis for Predatory Environment
3.3 The Medial Hypothalamic Defensive System
3.4 The Periaqueductal Gray and the Integration of Antipredatory Responses
4 The Septum-Hippocampus and the Behavioral Inhibition System
5.1 mPFC and Conditioned Fear
5.3 mPFC and Visceral Reactions to Threat
5.4 PFC Responses to Stress
6 Clinical Findings and Anxiety Disorders
Stress and the Neuroendocrinology of Anxiety Disorders
1 Stress and Emotional Behavior
1.1 Mediators of the Stress Response
2 Anxiety Disorders and Stress
3 Animal Models of Stress and Anxiety
4 The Neurocircuitry of Stress - Implications for Anxiety
4.1 Structural and Functional Organization of the Amygdala
4.2 Structural and Functional Organization of the BNST
4.3 Structural Remodeling of the Amygdala and BNST - Implications for Anxiety and the Stress Response
Animal Models of Anxiety and Anxiolytic Drug Action
1 Animal Models of Anxiety and Anxiolytic Drug Action: Introduction
1.2 Fear Potentiated Startle
1.4 Light-Dark Exploration
1.7 Separation-induced Ultrasonic ``Distress´´ Vocalization
2 Summary and Conclusions
Genetic Approaches to Modeling Anxiety in Animals
2 Basic Concepts in Animal Modeling of Anxiety Disorders
3 Measurable Outcomes in Anxiety Disorders and Animal Models
3.1 Measuring Anxiety in Man and Diagnostic Criteria in Anxiety Disorders
3.2 Measuring Anxiety in Laboratory Animals
4 Genetics of Clinical Anxiety Disorders: Setting the Scene for Animal Models
4.1 Gene-Environment Interactions
4.2 Endophenotypes: Modeling Behavior and Genetics Together?
5 Genetic Approaches in Animal Modeling of Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
5.1 Genotype-to-Phenotype: Targeted Manipulation of Candidate Genes
5.1.1 Constitutive Genetic Manipulations
5.1.3 siRNA and Viral Transfection
5.2 Phenotype-to-Genotype
5.2.1 Inbred Mouse Strains, Gene-Environment Interactions and Quantitative Trait Loci
5.3 Gene Expression Arrays
5.4 Random Mutagenesis: Radiation and ENU Screens
5.5 Selective Breeding of Rats and Mice
Behavioral Correlates of Anxiety
1 Introduction: Why Do We Need Behavioral Correlates of Anxiety?
2 Startle Reactivity Paradigms
2.1 Startle Reactivity to Aversive Images
2.2 Startle Reactivity in Darkness
2.3 Fear Potentiated Startle to Conditioned Cues
2.4 Conditioned Inhibition and Extinction
3 Startle Reactivity as a Tool for Predicting Anxious Responses
3.1 Do Startle Reflex Measures Predict Clinical Anxiety?
4 Can Startle Reactivity Be Used as an Endophenotype for Anxiety?
5 Can the Signal Predict Treatment Efficacy?
5.2 Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
5.3 Putative Anxiolytics and Behavioral Treatments
7 Do Attentional Bias Task Measures Predict Clinical Anxiety?
8 Do Attentional Bias Tasks Predict Treatment Efficacy?
10 Promising Behavioral Tasks in Development
Challenging Anxiety: A Focus on the Specificity of Respiratory Symptoms
2 Panic-Respiration or Anxiety-Respiration Link?
3 Respiratory Variables in PD
3.2 Partial Pressure of CO2
3.3 Tidal Volume and Minute Volume
3.4 Respiratory Variability, Sighing, and Approximate Entropy
4 Respiration and Phobias
5 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
6 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
7 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Functional Neuroanatomy of Anxiety: A Neural Circuit Perspective
1.1 Neural Circuitry of Anxiety-Relevant Negative Emotion: Reactivity and Regulation
1.4 Explicit and Implicit Emotion Regulation
1.7 Negative Emotional Processing in Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Framework
1.8 Generalization of Anxiety Beyond Disorder-Related Material: PTSD and Specific Phobia
2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
4 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Pharmacological Enhancement of Behavioral Therapy: Focus on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
2 Traditional Hypnotherapy and Psychodynamic Treatments
3 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
3.2 Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
3.3 Anxiety Management Techniques
3.4 Systematic Desensitization
3.5 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
4 Traditional Combinations of Psychotherapy with Medication
4.2 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
4.4 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
5 Novel Approach: Pharmacotherapy Augmentation of Psychotherapeutic Learning
The Pharmacology of Anxiety
1.1 The GABAergic System and Anxiety
1.2 Early Evidence for the Role of the GABAergic System in Anxiety
1.3 The GABAA Receptor and Anxiety
1.4 How the BDZ-GABAA Receptor Site Has Contributed to the Understanding of Anxiety
1.5 Evidence of a GABA Receptor Abnormality in Brain Imaging Studies
1.6 A Glimpse at the Future: How Individual Subunits of the GABAA Receptor Could Contribute to Anxiety
1.7 Impaired GABAergic Metabolism in Anxiety Disorders: Additional Approaches to Targeting the GABA System
GABAA Receptor α2/α3 Subtype-Selective Modulators as Potential Nonsedating Anxiolytics
2 Benzodiazepines and the GABAA Receptor
3 Identification of MRK-409 and TPA023
4 Identification of TPA023B
6 Comparison of the In Vitro Properties of MRK-409, TPA023, and TPA023B
7 Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of MRK-409, TPA023, and TPA023B
8 Receptor Occupancy in Rats
10 Additional Preclinical Pharmacology
9 Preclinical Nonsedating Anxiolytic Profiles of MRK-409, TPA023, and TPA023B
11 Clinical Pharmacokinetics of MRK-409, TPA023, and TPA023B
12 Tolerability of MRK-409, TPA023, and TPA023B in Man
13 [11C]Flumazenil PET After Oral Dosing of MRK-409, TPA023, and TPA023B in Man
14 Comparison of the Pharmacodynamic Responses of MRK-409 and TPA023 in Man
15 Anxiolytic-Like Efficacy of TPA023
16 Additional Clinical Data with TPA023
Antidepressant Treatment in Anxiety Disorders
2 Clinical Evidence on Anxiolytic Activity of Antidepressant Drugs
2.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
2.3 Social Anxiety Disorder
2.4 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
2.5 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
3.1 Is Anxiolytic Activity Predicted by Efficacy in Classical Antidepressant Tests?
3.2 Efficacy of Antidepressant Drugs in Classical ``Anxiolytic´´ Tests
3.2.1 Ethological Models: Exploratory Activity
3.2.2 Ethological Models: Social Behavior
3.2.3 Unconditioned Stress-Induced Responses
3.2.4 Conditioned Fear Tests
3.3 Animal Models of Panic Attacks
3.4 Animal Models of Social Anxiety
3.5 Animal Models of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
3.6 Animal Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
3.7 ``Benzodiazepine´´ Versus ``Anxiolytic Activity´´ Tests
3.8 Need for New ``Anxiolytic´´ Tests Sensitive to Antidepressant Drug Treatment
3.8.3 Beyond Chronic Stress Procedures
4 Mechanisms of Anxiolytic Action of Antidepressant Drugs
4.1 Changes in the Neurotransmitter Systems
4.2 Neuroanatomical Aspects of Antidepressant Drugs´ Anxiolytic Action
4.3 Cognitive Model of Anxiety Disorders: Implications for Novel Drug Development
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: Their Therapeutic Potential in Anxiety
1 Classes of Glutamate Receptors
2 Group I mGlu Receptor Expression in the Brain
3.1 Selective Tool Compounds
4.1 Selective Tool Compounds
6 Group II mGlu Receptor Expression in the Brain
6.1 Selective Tool Compounds
8 Group III mGlu Receptors
10 Group III Selective Ligands
10.1.1 Specific Tool Compounds
10.1.2 Preclinical Efficacy
10.2.1 Specific Tool Compounds
10.2.2 Preclinical Efficacy
10.3.1 Specific Tool Compounds
10.3.2 Preclinical Efficacy
10.4.1 Specific Tool Compounds
10.4.2 Preclinical Efficacy
Developing Small Molecule Nonpeptidergic Drugs for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: Is the Challenge Still Ahead?
2 Is there Clinical Proof-of-Concept with Compounds Acting at Neuropeptide Systems?
3 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Oxytocin
2 The Endocannabinoid System of the Brain
3 How to Study the Role of the Endocannabinoid System
3.1 Monitoring of Endocannabinoid Signaling
3.2 Attenuation of Endocannabinoid Signaling
3.3 Facilitation of Endocannabinoid Signaling
4 Animal Models of Fear and Anxiety
5 Role of Cannabinoids and Endocannabinoids in Fear and Anxiety - Animal Studies
5.1 Unconditioned Fear/Anxiety
5.1.1 Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids
5.1.2 Enhancing the Levels of Endocannabinoids
5.1.3 Inactivation of CB1 Receptors
5.1.4 Intracerebral Injections
6 Role of (Endo)Cannabinoids in Fear and Anxiety - Situation in Humans
7 The Endocannabinoid System in Fear and Anxiety - Theoretical and Practical Considerations
Pharmacological Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
1 Clinical Features, Epidemiology and Burden of GAD
2 Response Rates to Initial Treatment in GAD
3 Prediction of Response to Pharmacological Treatment in GAD
4 Optimal Duration of Treatment in GAD
5 Management after Nonresponse to Initial Treatment in GAD
6 Tolerability of Current Treatments for GAD
Pharmacologic Treatment of Panic Disorder
2 Clinical Assessment Before Treatment
3.1 Treatment Implementation
4 Pharmacologic Treatments
6.1 Efficacy of 5-HT and NE Reuptake Blockers
6.1.1 Tricyclic Antidepressants
6.2 Other Agents with 5-HT and NE Mechanisms
7 Novel Treatment Approaches
7.1 Anxiolytic Drug Development
7.2 New Treatment Strategies
Pharmacotherapy of Social Anxiety Disorder
2 Irreversible Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase
3 Reversible Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase Type A
5 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
6 Serotonin and Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitors
10 Atypical Antipsychotics
12 Treatment Resistance and Augmentation
Pharmacotherapy of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
2.1 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
2.2 Serotonin Norephinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
2.3 Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
2.4 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
2.5 Other Antidepressants
4 Atypical Antipsychotics
5 Benzodiazepines and Other Hypnotics
Pharmacological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
2 Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of OCD
2.6 Duration of Treatment
2.7 Drug Discontinuation Syndrome
2.8 The Role of Venlafaxine or Duloxetine in the Treatment of OCD
3 Limitations of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of OCD
3.1 Partial Response to Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
3.1.1 Antipsychotic Augmentation
3.1.3 Other Augmentation Strategies
3.2 Nonresponders to Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
4 Novel Medications in OCD
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