Methods in Molecular Biology
Part I: Background: Epigenetic Mechanism
Chapter 1: Cancer Epigenetics: An Introduction
2 Epigenetic Regulation in Cancer
2.4 Nucleosome Positioning
4 Cancer Epigenetics and Its Link to Genetics
5.1 Epigenetic Biomarkers
5.2 Epigenetic Therapy and Prevention
6 Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 2: Community Resources and Technologies Developed Through the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Program
1 Introduction: Overview and Goals of Program
2 Community Resources and Technologies Developed Through the Epigenomics Program
2.1 Comprehensive Reference Epigenome Maps
2.2 Reference Epigenome Data Access, Analysis, and Visualization
2.3 Discovery of Novel Epigenetic Modifications
2.4 Improved Assays for Monitoring the Epigenome
2.5 Technologies for Improved Epigenetic Imaging
2.6 Epigenomics in Health and Disease
2.7 Epigenetic Antibodies
2.8 Overall Roadmap Epigenomics Program Impact
3 Future Epigenomics Needs and Directions
3.1 Expanding Epigenomic Data Sets
3.3 Integration with Genome Conformation Assays
3.4 The Utility of Surrogate Tissues for Disease Investigations
3.5 Human Epigenomic Variation
3.6 Epigenomic Variation Within a Cell Type: The Promise of Single-Cell Epigenomics
3.7 Environmental Epigenomics
3.8 Functional Epigenomics Tools and Technologies
Chapter 3: Epigenome-Wide Association Studies (EWAS): Past, Present, and Future
1 Origins and Definitions
2 EWAS Reviews of Methods
5 Future: Bis-Seq and Consortium-Based Approaches
Chapter 4: Epigenetic Biomarkers in Liver Cancer
2 Need to Identify Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis
4 Other Biomarkers (Genomic, Proteomic, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic)
5 Potential of miRNA Biomarkers in Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis
6 Future Directions and Conclusion
Part II: Cancer Specific Type Epigenetic Changes
Chapter 5: Cancer Type-Specific Epigenetic Changes: Gastric Cancer
2 DNA Methylation and Histone Modification Genes in Gastric Cancer
3 DNA Methylation and Their Clinical Significance in Gastric Cancer
4 miRNA Roles and Their Clinical Significance in Gastric Cancer
Chapter 6: Beyond the Island: Epigenetic Biomarkers of Colorectal and Prostate Cancer
1 Colorectal Cancer Overview
2 Prostate Cancer Overview
3 Global DNA Hypomethylation
4 CpG Island Hypermethylation and the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype
6 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine
8 Proteins Involved in Epigenetic Maintenance and Regulation
10 DNA Methyltransferases
9 Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 and 2
Chapter 7: Prostate Cancer Epigenome
2 Known Mechanisms in Prostate Cancer
3.1 Epigenetics and Cancer
3.2 Histone Modifications Versus DNA Methylation and a Link Between These Two Events in Relation to Prostate Cancer
3.3 Gene-Specific Epigenetic Changes in Prostate Cancer
3.3.1 Epigenetic Inactivation of Id4 in Prostate Cancer
4 Epigenetic Regulation of AR Dependent Pathways
5 Role of Histone Methyl-Transferase in Prostate Cancer
6 Data Sources for Detection of Epigenetically Altered Genomic Loci in Prostate Cancer
Chapter 8: CpG Island Hypermethylation as a Biomarker for the Early Detection of Lung Cancer
3 Tumor-Specific Methylation
3.1 Environmental Factor-Related Methylation
3.2 Age-Related Methylation
4 CpG Island Hypermethylation in Biological Fluids as a Surrogate Marker for Early Detection of Lung Cancer
4.3 Circulating Tumor DNA
5 CpG Island Hypermethylation in Premalignant Lesions of the Lung
6 Locus-Specific Detection of DNA Methylation
7 Genome-Wide Detection of DNA Methylation
7.1 Array-Based Technologies
7.2 Sequencing-ưBased Technologies
8 Epigenome-Wide Association Study (EWAS)
10 Identification of Differentially Methylated Regions
11 Dimensionality Reduction
12.2 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
14.1 Artificial Neural Network
14.3 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
14.5 K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN)
15 Evaluating the Performance of a Model
15.2 Measure of Performance
Chapter 9: Analysis of DNA Methylation in Pancreatic Cancer: An Update
2.2 Isolation and Modification of DNA
3.1 DNA Isolation from Plasma
3.2 From Frozen or Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue
3.3 Bisulfite Modification
Chapter 10: Epigenetics of Urothelial Carcinoma
Chapter 11: Epigenetics of Prostate Cancer
1 Introduction to DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation in Prostate Cancer
2 Gene Methylation in Prostate Cancer
3 The Epigenetic Modifications in Prostate Cancer with/by miRNA
4 MiRNAs Regulated by Methylation
5 miRNAs Regulating Components of the Epigenome
6 Histone Deactylases: HDAC-1, -2, and -4
7 MiRNA and the Androgen Receptor Pathway
Chapter 12: Methylation Profile Landscape in Mesothelioma: Possible Implications in Early Detection, Disease Progression, and Therapeutic Options
1 DNA Methylation and Cancer Development
2 DNA methylation in Mesothelioma
2.1 CpG Island Methylation in Mesothelioma
2.2 Hypermethylated Promoters in Mesothelioma
3 Methylated Genes as Potential Biomarkers
4 Targeting of Methylated Genes to Restore Gene Functions
5 Future of Genetics and Epigenetics in Mesothelioma
Part III: Methods and Technologies Used for Detecting Epigenetic Changes
Chapter 13: Techniques to Access Histone Modifications and Variants in Cancer
2.1 Extraction of Histones
2.2 Resolution of Histones
2.2.1 Sodium Dodecylsulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
2.2.2 Acetic Acid Urea Triton Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (AUT-PAGE)
2.2.3 Two Dimensional (2D)-SDS-AUT PAGE
2.3 Western Blotting of SDS and AUT-PAGE
2.5 Immuno-histochemistry
2.6 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
2.6.1 Isolation and Cross-Linking of Nuclei
2.6.2 Micrococcal Nuclease (MNase) Digestion of Chromatin and Immunoprecipitation
2.6.3 DNA Extraction from Immunoprecipitates
2.7 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
2.8 Histone Dimer Pull Down
3.1 Extraction of Histones for Cell Lines and Tissues
3.1.3 Acid Extraction of Histones
3.2 Resolution of Histones
3.2.3 Resolution of Histones on Two Dimensional (2D)-SDS-AUT PAGE
3.3.1 SDS-ưImmunoblotting
3.3.2 AUT-ưImmunoblotting
3.4.1 Culturing, Fixation, and Permeabilization of Cells on Coverslip
3.4.2 Immuno-staining and Mounting of Cells
3.5 Immuno-histochemistry
3.5.1 Preparation of Tissue Mounted Glass Slides and Deparaffinization
3.5.2 Peroxidase Activity Removal and Antigen Retrieval
3.5.3 Staining and Mounting of Tissue Sections
3.6 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
3.6.1 Isolation and Cross-Linking of Nuclei (for X-ChIP)
3.6.2 MNase Digestion of Chromatin and Immunoprecipitation
3.6.3 DNA Extraction from Immunoprecipitates
3.7 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP)
3.8 Histone Dimer Pull Down Assay
3.8.1 Preparation of Histone Dimer/Tetramer
3.8.2 Preparation of Nuclear Lysate for Pull Down
3.8.3 Dimer/Tetramer Pull Down
Chapter 14: Single Base Resolution Analysis of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine by RRBS and TAB-RRBS
3.1 RRBS Protocol for Mapping of 5mC Plus 5hmC
3.1.2 End Repair and A-Tailing
3.1.4 Bisulfite Conversion
3.1.5 Library Amplification
3.1.7 Illumina Sequencing
3.2 TAB-RRBS Protocol for Mapping of 5hmC
3.2.5 End Repair and A-Tailing
3.2.7 Bisulfite Conversion
3.2.8 Library Amplification
3.2.10 Illumina Sequencing
Chapter 15: Quantitative DNA Methylation Analysis for Epigenotyping of Colorectal Cancer
2.4 Hierarchical Clustering
3.3 In Vitro Transcription and RNaseA Cleavage
3.4 Purification by Resin and Mass Analysis Using MassARRAY
3.6 Hierarchical Clustering
Chapter 16: Histone Modifications Associated with Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion
1.1 Immunohisưtochemical Staining of Histone Modifications in Cancer Tissue
1.2 Association Between Aberrant Histone Modification and Metastatic Potential
2.1 Immunohisưtochemical Staining of Histone Modifications
2.2 Transwell Migration Assay (Boyden Chamber Assay)
2.3 Transwell Invasion Assay (Chemoinvasion Assay)
2.4 Cell
ECM Adhesion Assay
3.1 Immunohisưtochemical Staining of Histone Modifications
3.1.1 Preparation of Tissue Sections on Slides
3.2 Transwell Migration Assay (Boyden Chamber Assay)
3.3 Transwell Invasion (Chemoinvasion) Assays
3.4 Cell
ECM Adhesion Assay
Part IV: Factors that Influence Epigenetic Changes in Cancer
Chapter 17: Aberrant Epigenetic Modifications in Radiation-Resistant Head and Neck Cancers
2.1 Establishment of Irradiation-ưResistant Sublines
2.1.1 Preparation of the Original Head and Neck Cancer Cell Lines
2.1.2 Establishment of Irradiation-Resistant Sublines
2.2 Methylation Analysis by Using Bisulfite Pyrosequencing
2.2.1 Genomic DNA Extraction
2.2.2 Bisulfite Conversion for Extracted Genomic DNA
2.2.3 Bisulfite-Based Pyrosequencing
3.1 Establishment of Irradiation-ưResistant Cell Sublines
3.1.1 Preparation of the Original Head and Neck Cancer Cell Lines
3.1.2 Establishment of Radiation-Resistant Cell Sublines
3.2 Validation of the Radiation Resistance of Established Sublines
3.2.1 Establishment of a Stable Subline
3.2.2 Radiation Stress Treatment to Test the Level of Radiation Resistance
3.3 Methylation Analysis by Bisulfite Pyrosequencing
3.3.1 Genomic DNA Extraction and Bisulfite Conversion
3.3.2 Bisulfite Conversion for Extracted Genomic DNA
3.3.3 Bisulfite Pyrosequencing
Chapter 18: Cancer-Associated Infectious Agents and Epigenetic Regulation
1 Infectious Agents in Different Cancer Types
1.2 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
2 Multiple Infections and Cancer
2.1 Epigenetic and Genetic Regulation
2.1.3 Chromatin and Histone
2.1.4 Genetic Regulation: Mutation, SNPs, Deletion
3 Methods and Technologies Used to Study Epigenetic Regulation in Cancer Development Due to Infection
3.1 Technologies for Methylation Detection
3.2 Chip-on-Chip Immunoprecipitation for Histone Modifications
3.4 Nucleosomal Mapping and Imaging Technologies for Chromatin Compaction and Relaxation
4 Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment Approaches Against Infectious Agents
4.1 Candidate Gene vs. Epigenome-Wide Profiling for Screening and Diagnosis
4.2 Vaccine, Nutrients, or Epigenetic Inhibitors for Prevention
4.3 Epigenetic Inhibitors, Either Alone or in Combination for Cancer Treatment
5 Challenges and Research Opportunities
Chapter 19: Toxicoepigenomics and Cancer: Implications for Screening
1 Introduction: Gene Regulation by Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cancer
2 Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Exposure to Environmental Pollutants and Toxic Substances
2.6 Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)
3 Challenges and Future Directions
Chapter 20: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Modulation of the HNSCC Epigenome
3.2 HPV-16 Detection by Real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
3.3 The Infinium 27k Assays
Chapter 21: Epigenetic Regulation of HIV, AIDS, and AIDS-Related Malignancies
1 Introduction: The Landscape of HIV, AIDS, and Epigenetics
3 HIV Genes Regulated by Epigenetic Mechanisms
3.1 Methylation-ưMediated Regulation of HIV
3.2 Histone-ưMediated Regulation of HIV
4 AIDS-Related Malignancies
5.1 Biomarkers, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics
5.2 Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Immunology
5.3 Molecular Epidemiology and Prevention
5.4 Latent Reservoirs in HIV-ưInfected Infants and Children Undergoing Therapy
5.5 HIV/AIDS and Epigenetics in Neurological Disorders, Including Brain Tumors
5.6 Noncoding RNA (Epigenetic Regulation) and HIV AIDS
Chapter 22: Epigenetics of Colorectal Cancer
2.1 DNA Methylation in Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Expression in CRC
2.2 DNA Methylation Serves as a Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Chemo-ưsensitive Marker in CRC
2.3 Hypoưmethylation, Field Defect, and Loss of Imprinting in CRC
2.4 CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP) in Colorectal Cancer
3.1 The Enzyme of Histone Modification
3.2 Histone Code and Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer
3.3 The Interaction of Histone Modification and DNA Methylation in Regulating Gene Expression
3.5 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in Colorectal Carcinogenesis
3.6 Epigenetic Mechanisms for miRNA Dysregulation in CRC
3.7 Long Noncoding RNAs and CRC
4 Epigenetic Therapy in Colorectal Cancer
Chapter 23: Epigenetics in Breast and Prostate Cancer
2 Epigenetic Changes in Breast and Prostate Cancers
2.1.1 Methylation of Promoter CpG Islands of Genes in Breast Cancer
CpG Island Hypermethylation and Breast Cancer Progression
DNA Methylation in Hormone Receptor Positive and Negative Breast Cancer
DNA Methylation and Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer
Promoter Hypermethylation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer
2.1.2 Methylation Profile and Breast Cancer Health Disparities
2.1.3 DNA Methylation and Histone Modification in Breast Cancer
3.1 DNA Methylation in Prostate Cancer
3.1.1 Hypermethylation of CpG Islands of Genes for Risk Prediction of Prostate Cancer
3.1.2 Methylation Profile in Localized and Advanced Prostate Cancer
3.1.3 Methylation Patterns Between Androgen Receptor Positive and Androgen Receptor Negative Prostate Cancer
3.1.4 Histone Modification and Androgen Receptor Activity
3.2 Methylation Profile and Health Disparities in Prostate Cancer
3.2.1 Methylation Profiles Differ Among African American, Caucasian and Asian Men with Prostate Cancer
3.3 Summary-Gene Frequently Methylated in Prostate Cancer
4 Methods and Technologies Used for Epigenetic Changes Detection
4.1.1 HumanưMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA USA)
4.1.2 Human DNA Methylation Microarray™ (Agilent Technologies, Inc. Santa Clara, CA, USA)
4.1.3 EpiTect Methyl II PCR Arrays™ (QIAGEN, USA)
4.1.4 TaqMan Human DNA Methylation Array (Applied Biosystems, USA)
4.1.5 TranSignal Promoter Methylation Arrays (Panomics Inc, USA)
5 Factors That Influence the Epigenetic Changes in Cancer
5.1 Nutritional Factors That Influence the Methylation Outcomes in Cancer
5.2 Role of Nutrition on Epigenetic Alternations: Bioactive Dietary Components for Cancer Prevention by Modification of Epigenetics
Part V: Future Directions: Risk Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
Chapter 24: Epigenetic Inhibitors
1 Introduction: Epigenetics and Gene Regulation
2 Epigenetic Inhibitors in Clinical Trials and FDA-Approved Inhibitors
3 DNMT Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
4 Clinical Trials of 5-AzaC (Vidaza) or 5-Aza-2′-Deoxycytidine (Decitabine) for Hematologic Malignancies
6 Chemical Classes of HDAC Inhibitors
7 Other Epigenetic Therapies Under Development
8 Advantages of Using Epigenetic Inhibitors
10 Future Directions and Conclusion
9 Combination Therapies (Methylation Inhibitors and HDAC Inhibitors with Other Drugs and Treatments)
Chapter 25: Use of Epigenetic Modulators as a Powerful Adjuvant for Breast Cancer Therapies
1.1.3 Triple Negative Subgroup (TNBC)
1.1.4 New Therapeutic Strategies: A Real Necessity
2 DNMT Inhibitors in BC Therapy
2.1 Preclinical Data Obtained Using DNMT Inhibitors
2.2 Clinical Trials Using DNMT Inhibitors-Based Protocols
3.1 Preclinical Data Obtained Using HDAC Inhibitors
3.2 Clinical Trials Using HDAC Inhibitors-Based Protocols
3.2.3 Entinostat = SNDX-ư 275
3.2.4 Panobinostat = LBH589
3.2.5 Other Clinical Trials Using HDAC Inhibitors
4.2 Adenosine/Methionine Cycle
4.4 Artificial Transcription Factors (ATF)
Chapter 26: Epigenetic Approaches in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Their Implication in Screening and Diagnosis
2 Epigenetic Regulation in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Potential Biomarkers of Screening and Diagnosis
3 Methods and Technologies in Epigenetics
3.1 Gene Expression and Methylation
3.2 DNA Methylation Sites
3.3 Enzymes and Methylation
3.4 Stem Cell Methylation
3.5 Gene Expression and Histone Modification
4 Techniques Used in Our Laboratory for Brain Cancer Epigenetics Research
4.1 Methyl-Sensitive Cut Counting (MSCC) Assay
4.2 Histone Methyltransferase H3 (K27) Assay
4.3 Statistical Analysis of the HMT Assay
5 Future Directions: Requirements and Challenges in Bringing Epigenetic Biomarkers in Clinic for Cancer Diagnosis
Chapter 27: Detection of Circulatory MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer
2.1 Materials for RNA Isolation
2.2 Methods for microRNA Isolation
2.3 Determining RNA Concentration and Quality
3 Reverse Transcription of microRNA
3.1 Choosing Appropriate TaqMan Assays
3.2 Materials for Reverse Transcription of microRNA
3.3 Methods for Reverse Transcription of microRNA
4 Real Time Quantitative PCR
4.1 Materials for Real Time Quantitative PCR
4.2 Methods for Real Time Quantitative PCR
5 Use of Internal Control: An Important Aspect of the miRNA Quantitation
6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
Chapter 28: Identification and Characterization of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Lysine Acetyltransferases
2.1 Fluorescence-ưBased KAT Activity Assay
2.2 Evaluation of p300 Inhibition by a Small-Molecule Inhibitor in Cells
3.1 Fluorescence-ưBased KAT Activity Assay
3.2 Evaluation of p300 inhibition by a Small-Molecule Inhibitor in Cells (See Note 5)
Chapter 29: Epigenetic Regulation in Biopsychosocial Pathways
1 Introduction to Biopsychosocial Pathways in Cancer
1.1 Evidence for the Role of Stress in Cancer Development and Progression
1.2 Stress, Epigenetics, and Cancer
1.2.1 Evidence for Associations Between Psychosocial Factors and Epigenetic Changes to Genes Relevant to Cancer
1.2.2 Evidence for Epigenetic Changes Indirectly Linking Stress and Cancer
1.2.3 Studies of Gene Expression Provide Additional Evidence of Associations That May Have Epigenetic Underpinnings
2.1 DNase Hypersensitivity Assay
2.2 Histone Modifications
3 Challenges in the Field
3.1 Technological Challenges
Chapter 30: Viral Epigenetics
1.1 Life Cycle of Tumor Causing Viruses
1.2 Special Epigenetic Problems with Viruses
1.3 Overview of Epigenetic Consequences of Viral Infection on Cellular Genes
1.4 Overview of Transformation by Relevant Viruses with Emphasis on Latency Regulation
2.2 Epigenetic Regulation of an SV40 Lytic Infection
2.3 Epigenetic Effects on Cellular Expression and Cellular Transformation
2.4 Epigenetics of Other Polyomaviruses
2.5 DNA Methylation Effects of Polyomavirus Integration
3.2 Epigenetic Effects of Adenoviruses on Cellular Expression and Cellular Transformation
3.3 Epigenetic Consequences of Integration of Ad
4.2 Epigenetic Regulation of a Papillomavirus Lytic Infection
4.3 Epigenetic Consequences of HPV Integration
5.2 Epigenetic Regulation of an EBV Infection
5.3 Epigenetic Consequences of EBV on the Cell
5.4 Epigenetic Regulation of a KHSV Infection
5.5 Epigenetic Consequences of KHSV on the Cell
Chapter 31: P53 Tumor Suppression Network in Cancer Epigenetics
2 The Epigenetic Regulation of p53 Gene Promoter: Upstream Regulation
2.2 Regulatory RNAs on p53 Promoter
3 The Epigenetic Regulation by p53: Downstream Regulations
3.1 p53-Mediated Chromatin Remodeling and Epigenetic Alterations During Oncogenesis
3.2 miRNAs Regulated by p53 in Cancers
4 P53 in Cancer Stem Cell Epigenetics
5 Epigenetics in Cancer Therapeutics
6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Chapter 32: Promoter Hypermethylation as a Biomarker in Prostate Adenocarcinoma
2 Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC)
6 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors (CDKIs)
7 Glutathione S Transferase P1 (GSTP1)
8 Methylguanine-Methyl Transferase (MGMT)
9 Retinoic Acid Receptor B (RARB)
10 RAS Association Domain Family Protein 1 Isoform A (RASSF1A)
Chapter 33: Sequencing the Cancer Methylome
2 Methylome Sequencing Based on Restriction Enzyme Digestion
2.1 5-mC Sequencing Through Restriction Enzyme Digestion Enrichment
2.2 5-hmC Sequencing Through Restriction Enzyme Digestion Enrichment
3 Enrichment Based Methylome Sequencing
3.1 Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (MeDIP-seq)
3.2 Methyl-Binding Domain Sequencing (MBD-seq)
3.3 Genome-Wide 5-hmC Sequencing Based on Enrichment
4 Methylome Sequencing Based on Bisulfite Conversion (Fig. 3)
4.1 Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing
4.2 Targeted Bisulfite Sequencing
4.3 Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS)
4.4 5-hmC Analysis Using Bisulfite Sequencing
4.5 Bisulfite Sequencing of Immunoprecipitated DNA
4.6 Analysis of Chromatin Accessibility Using Bisulfite Sequencing
5 Bioinformatics Analysis
6 Efforts to Functionally Mimic the Cancer Methylome
7 Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 34: Global DNA Methylation Profiling Technologies and the Ovarian Cancer Methylome
2 Methods to Map DNA Methylation on a Genomic Scale
3 Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS)
4 Affinity Enrichment-Based Technologies
5 Reduced Representative Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS)
6 Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (450 K)
7 Genome-Wide Methylation and Ovarian Cancer
Chapter 35: Recent Progress in the Discovery of Epigenetic Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer
4 Challenges and Future Directions
Chapter 36: At the Crossroad Between Obesity and Gastric Cancer
1.2 Epigenetics and Obesity
2 A View on Gastric Cancer
2.1 Epigenetics and Gastric Cancer
3.1 Epidemiological Evidence of the Relationship Between Obesity and Cancer
4 Diet and Gastric Cancer
4.1 Cholesterol and Triglycerides Levels and Gastric Cancer
4.2 Glucose and Diabetes and Gastric Cancer
4.3 Insulin and Gastric Cancer
4.4 Metabolic Syndrome and Gastric Cancer
4.5 Metabolism and Epigenetics
Chapter 37: Detection of Epigenetic Aberrations in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
2 Gene-Specific DNA Hypermethylation and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
3 Genome-Wide DNA Methylation and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
4 Global DNA Hypomethylation and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
5 Gene-Specific Hypomethylation and HCC
6 DNA Methyltransferases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
7 Aberrant Histone Modification and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
8 microRNA and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
9 Conclusions and Perspectives
Chapter 38: Specific Type Epigenetic Changes in Cervical Cancers
2 Specific Type Epigenetic Changes
2.1 HPV Genome Methylation
2.2 Genes Promoter Hypermethylation
2.3 Global Methylation Changes
2.4 Histone Modifications
2.5 MicroRNA and Epigenetics
Chapter 39: Epigenetics in Head and Neck Cancer
1 Introduction: Epigenetic Abnormalities in Head and Neck Cancer
2 Epigenetics and Clinical Management of Head and Neck Cancer: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications
3 Detection of Aberrant DNA Methylation in Body Fluids as an Early Detection Tool
4 Strategies for Epigenetic Biomarkers Development in Head and Neck Cancer
Chapter 40: Epigenetic Therapy for Colorectal Cancer
2.2 Clinical Significance of Inhibition of DNMTs
2.2.3 Antisense Oligonucleotide Inhibitors
3.2 Clinical Significance of HDAC Inhibitors
3.2.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids
3.2.3 Cyclin Tetrapeptides
4 Nonconventional Therapeutic Approaches
Chapter 41: Epigenetics of Gastric Cancer
2.1 The Role of DNA Hypermethylation in Gastric Cancer
2.1.1 DNA Methylation Is Involved in Gastric Carcinogenesis
2.1.2 DNA Methylation Is Related to Invasion, Metastasis, and Prognosis in Gastric Cancer
2.2 Hypomethylation in Gastric Cancer
2.3 Helicobacter pylori Infection and DNA Methylation
3.3 Other Histone Modifications
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