Introduction and Historical Background
Chemistry of (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides1
Branch-on-Branch (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall glucan
Candida albicans cell wall glucan
Pythium aphanidermatum cell wall glucan
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall glucan
Cyclic (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
Extraction, Purification and Structural Determination
Conidiobolus and entomophthora (1,3)-?-glucans
Linear (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucans
Cereal and grass (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans (mixed-linkage glucans)
Equisetum (horsetail) (1,3;1,4)-?-glucan
Lichen, fungal and algal (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
(1,3;1,4)-?-gluco-oligosaccharides
Chromalveolate, chromistan and chlorophyte (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
Fungal cell wall (1,3;1,4)-?-glucan
Rhodophyte sulfated (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
Liverwort (1,3;1,4)-?-glucan
Side-Chain-Branched (1,3;1,2)-?-Glucan
Side-Chain-Branched (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
Chromistan side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
Ascomycete and Basidiomycete side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
Synthetic ?-Gluco-oligosaccharides
Derivatives of (1,3)-?-Glucans
Physico-chemistry of (1,3)-?-Glucans
Conformations of (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides
General Principles of Polysaccharide Conformation
Solid State Conformations in (1,3)-?-Glucans
Conformations of (1,3)-?-glucans in the native state
Effects of chemical structure variants on conformation
Other experimental probes of (1,3)-?-glucan conformation
Solid state 13C NMR of (1,3)-?-glucans
X-ray diffraction of (1,3)-?-glucans
Solutions and Gels of (1,3)-?-Glucans
Concentrated Solution Behaviour
Behaviour of concentrated solutions of curdlan
Behaviour of concentrated solutions of side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
Solution behaviour of concentrated solutions of cereal (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
Dilute Solution Properties
Definitions of molecular parameters determined in dilute solution studies
Dilute solution properties of linear (1,3)-?-glucans
Dilute solution properties of side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
Solution properties of cereal (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
Solution properties of charged side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
Gelation Behaviour of (1,3)-?-Glucans
Gelation of cereal (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
Gelation of side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
Enzymology and Molecular Genetics of Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1,3)-?-Glucans: Prokaryotes
Cyclic (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
Membrane Topology and Enzymology
The NdvC and NdvD proteins
The ndv Biosynthesis Genes
Pneumococcal Type 37 (1,3;1,2)-?-Glucan
Deposition of Capsular Curdlan
Initiation, Direction of Chain Growth and Specification of Linkage Position
Structure of the Active Site and Mechanism of Formation and Specification of Glycosidic Linkage
Topology of the Membrane-Bound Curdlan Synthase and Associated Proteins
Other Curdlan-Related Loci
The ntrBC and ntrYX nitrogen regulatory genes
The relA gene encoding the (p)ppGpp alarmone
The pssA gene encoding a phospholipid synthase
Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1,3)-?-Glucans and (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans in Protozoans and Chromistans: Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Biology
Biochemistry of ?-Glucan Biosynthesis in Protozoans and Chromistans
Subcellular Localization of ?-Glucan Synthases and Preparation of Cell-Free Extracts
Assay Conditions and Kinetic Parameters
Modulation of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthase Activities In vitro
Activation by free and bound saccharides and requirement of a primer
Other compounds affecting (1,3)-?-glucan synthase activities in vitro
Purification of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthases
Biosynthesis of Side-Chain-Branched (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
Molecular Biology of ?-Glucan Biosynthesis in Protozoans and Chromistans
Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1-3)-?-Glucans, (1-3;1-6)-?-Glucans from Yeasts: Biochemical Properties and Molecular Biology
Cell Walls and ?-glucans in Yeast
Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1-3)-?-Glucans
Other Proteins Associated with Glucan Synthase Activity
Regulation of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthesis in Yeast
Factors involved in the regulation of glucan synthase activity via Rho1p
Post-translational Modification of Rho1p
Transcriptional Regulation of the FKS Genes
Location of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthase
Movement of Fks1p in the Plasma Membrane
Glucan Synthesis in Spore Formation
Cell Wall Integrity Checkpoint in Yeast
Cross Talk in the Regulation of Other Cell Wall Components
Glucan Synthase Inhibitors
Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1-6)-?-Glucans
Biochemical and Molecular Properties of Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1,3)-?-Glucans in Embryophytes, Chlorophytes and Rhodophytes
(1,3)-?-Glucans in Embryophytes
The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucan in Embryophytes
Functional Analysis of GSL Genes
Biochemical Identification of GSL Proteins
Callose Synthase Complexes
Regulation of Callose Synthesis
The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucans in Chlorophytes
The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucans in Rhodophytes
Plant and Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Depolymerization of (1,3)-?-d-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides
(1,3)-?-D-Glucan endohydrolases and related enzymes
(1,6)-?-D-Glucan endohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.75)
Family GH16 (1,3)- and related ?-D-glucan endohydrolases
(1,3)-?-D-glucan endohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.39)
(1,3/1,3;1,4)-?-D-Glucan endohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.6)
(1,3;1,4)-?-D-Glucan endohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.73)
Evolution of enzymes in the GH16 family
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases (XTHs; EC 2.4.1.207)
Family GH17 (1,3)-?-D-glucan endohydrolases
Classification and occurrence
Substrate specificities and action patterns
Transglycosylation reactions
Family GH17 (1,3;1,4)-?-D-glucan endohydrolases
Classification and occurrence
Three-dimensional structure and evolution
Family GH26 (1,3;1,4)-?-D-glucan endohydrolases
(1,3)-?-D-Glucan exohydrolases and related enzymes
?-D-Glucosidases of Family GH1
Classification and occurrence
Three-dimensional structures
?-D-Glycoside Exo-Hydrolases of Family GH3
Classification and occurrence
Structural determinants of substrate specificity
Three-dimensional structures
(1,3)-?-D-Glucan phosphorylases and related enzymes
Proteinaceous inhibitors of plant (1,3)-?-D-glucanases produced by fungal pathogens
Interactions between Proteins and (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides
I.B. General Structural Properties of (1,3)-?-Glucan-Binding Proteins
I.C. (1,3)-?-Glucan Structure
I.d. Structure-function Relationships of ?-Glucan Binding CBMs
I.E. Biochemical Analysis of Other ?-Glucan Binding Proteins
I.E.b. Immunostimulatory Proteins: CBM39, GH16s and Dectin-1
I.E.c. Structural Comparison of Sequence-Unrelated CBM ?-Glucan Binding Sites
Alveolation in syncytial systems
The Function of Callose in Cytokinesis
Cytology of the (1-3)-?-Glucan (Callose) in Plasmodesmata and Sieve Plate Pores
Callose Localization in Pd and Sieve Plates
Pd Regulation by Callose Turnover
Pd and Sieve Plate Callose in Abiotic Stresses
Wound response: is callose an artifact?
Other abiotical stresses induce Pd callose
Pd and Sieve Plate Callose During Development
Sieve plate pore development
Definitive and dormancy callose
Pd and Sieve Plate Callose in Biotic Stresses
Callose and its Role in Pollen and Embryo Sac Development in Flowering Plants
Overview of Microgamete Development
Microgamete Development in Arabidopsis
Meiosis to cytokinesis (stages 3
5)
Premeiosis I and II (stages 1 and 2)
Released microspore I (stages 6 and 7)
Released microspore II to bicellular pollen grains I (stages 8
10)
Progamic phase: Pollen germination and pollen tube growth
Second mitotic division to mature pollen grains (stages 11 and 12)
Functions for Callose During Microgamete Development
Role of Callose in the Special Cell Wall
Callose and its Role during Cytokinesis
Role of Callose in Post-Meiotic Male Gamete Development
Overview of Megagamete Development
Megagamete Development in Arabidopsis
Callose in Apomictic Embryo Sacs
Conclusions and Future Prospects
Callose in Abiotic Stress
Callose and Temperature Stress
Callose and the Gravitropic Response
Metal Toxicity and Callose Formation
Manganese and Other Heavy Metals
Regulation of Callose Formation in Response to Abiotic Stress
Wounding, Osmotic Stress and Callose Formation
Callose in Biotic Stress (Pathogenesis)
Callose in Plant
Fungi Interactions
Callose in Plant
Bacteria Interactions
Callose in Plant
virus Interactions
Biological and Immunological Aspects of Innate Defence Mechanisms Activated by (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides in Invertebrates
Induction of AMP Synthesis
(1,3)-?-Glucans in Innate Immunity: Mammalian Systems
In vivo pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of glucans
In vivo effect of systemic glucan administration on Dectin-1 levels
In vivo effects of (1,3)-?-glucans in animal models of disease
Anti-inflammatory activity of glucans
Anti-tumor activity of glucans
Ischemia/reperfusion injury
Stimulation of innate immunity following oral glucan administration
Mammalian receptors for (1,3)-?-glucans
Complement receptor 3 (CR3)
Structure/activity relationships between (1,3)-?-glucans and Dectin-1 in mammalian systems
Functional Roles of (1,3)-?-glucans and Related Polysaccharides: Prokaryotes
Linear (1,3)-b-Glucan (Curdlan)
Formation and Functional Roles
Cyclic (1,3)- and (1,3;1,6)-b-Glucans
Formation and Functional Roles
Adaptation to hypo-osmotic conditions
Nodulation and N2-fixation
Suppression of plant defence response
Streptococcal Type 37 (1,3;1,2)-b-Glucan
Biology of (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Glucans in Protozoans and Chromistans
Haptophyceae (Prymnesiophyceae)
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)
Chrysophyceae (golden algae)
Cell wall polysaccharides
Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
Organization of Fungal, Oomycete and Lichen (1,3)-?-Glucans
Fungal and Yeast (1,3)-?-Glucan Extracellular Polysaccharides
(1,3)-?-Glucans in fungal cell walls
Isolation of (1,3)-?-glucans from cell walls
Structure and molecular organization of (1,3)-?-glucans in yeats and mould cell walls
Cell wall (1,3)-?-glucans and fungal taxonomy
(1,3)-?-Glucans in Lichens
(1,3)-?-Glucans in Oomycetes
Distribution, Fine Structure and Function of (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucans in the Grasses and Other Taxa
Fine Structure of (1,3;1,4)-?-D
-Glucans
Biological Role of (1,3;1,4)-?
-Glucans in Cell Walls
Formation of Gel-Like Matrices in the Wall
The effects of fine structure on biological function
(1,3;1,4)-?
-Glucans as a Source of Metabolizable Energy
Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-?
-Glucans in Plants and Other Taxa
Plants Other Than Angiosperms
Isolation and Analysis of the Walls of Specific Cell Types
Histochemical Location Using Calcofluor
Location Using Immunocytochemistry
Pearling and Chemical Analysis of Fractions
Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-?
-Glucans in Angiosperms
Location of (1,3;1,4)-?
-Glucans in Vegetative Organs of Poaceae
Concentrations of (1,3;1,4)-?
-Glucans in Whole Cereal Grains
Role of (1,3;1,4)-?
-Glucans in the Cell-Wall Architecture of the Poaceae
Effects of the Environment on (1,3;1,4)-?
-Glucan Concentrations in Whole Grains
Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucans in the Cell Walls of Mature Grains
Within Plant Variation in (1,3;1,4)-?
-Glucan Concentrations in Whole Grains
Evolutionary Aspects of (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides
Evolutionary Significance of (1,3)- and (1,3;1,4)-b-Glucans
Genes Encoding (1,3)-b-Glucan Synthases
Genes Encoding (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucan Synthases
Occurrence of (1,3;1,4)-b-Glucans
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