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Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides

Tác giả: Bacic, Antony; Fincher, Geoffrey B.

Chủ đề:

Chủ đề: Chemistry; Biochemistry; Biology

Nhà xuất bản: Academic Press

Năm xuất bản: 2009

Loại tài liệu: Book

Mô tả vật lý: 680 p.

Định danh: 0123739713; 978-0123739711

Ngôn ngữ: en

Đọc trực tuyến

Tải tài liệu

The book presents a comprehensive, systematic and authoritative survey of information about a family of chemically related, but functionally diverse, naturally occurring polysaccharides--the (1-3)-glucans. International contributors describe the chemical and physicochemical properties of these glucans and their derivatives and the molecular biological and structural aspects of the enzymes involved in their formation and breakdown.

Cover
In Memoriam
Acknowledgements
Contributors
Introduction and Historical Background
- References
Chemistry of ?-Glucans
- Acknowledgements
- Chemistry of (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides1
  - Branch-on-Branch (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
    - Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall glucan
    - Candida albicans cell wall glucan
    - Pythium aphanidermatum cell wall glucan
    - Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall glucan
  - Cyclic (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
  - Detection
  - Extraction, Purification and Structural Determination
  - Linear (1,3)-?-Glucans
    - Callose
    - Conidiobolus and entomophthora (1,3)-?-glucans
    - Curdlan
    - Pachyman
    - Paramylon
  - Linear (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucans
    - Cereal and grass (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans (mixed-linkage glucans)
    - Equisetum (horsetail) (1,3;1,4)-?-glucan
    - Lichen, fungal and algal (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
      - (1,3;1,4)-?-gluco-oligosaccharides
      - Chromalveolate, chromistan and chlorophyte (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
      - Fungal cell wall (1,3;1,4)-?-glucan
      - Rhodophyte sulfated (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
    - Liverwort (1,3;1,4)-?-glucan
  - Side-Chain-Branched (1,3;1,2)-?-Glucan
  - Side-Chain-Branched (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
    - Chromistan side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
      - Ascomycete and Basidiomycete side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
      - Chrysolaminarin
      - Leucosin
      - Mycolaminarin
- References
- Synthetic ?-Gluco-oligosaccharides
  - Derivatives of (1,3)-?-Glucans
  - Neo ?-Glucans
Physico-chemistry of (1,3)-?-Glucans
- Conclusions
- Conformations of (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides
  - General Principles of Polysaccharide Conformation
    - Chain association
    - Chain shape
    - Chain stiffness
    - Network formation
  - Solid State Conformations in (1,3)-?-Glucans
    - Conformations of (1,3)-?-glucans in the native state
    - Effects of chemical structure variants on conformation
    - Methods
    - Other experimental probes of (1,3)-?-glucan conformation
    - Solid state 13C NMR of (1,3)-?-glucans
    - X-ray diffraction of (1,3)-?-glucans
- References
- Solutions and Gels of (1,3)-?-Glucans
  - Concentrated Solution Behaviour
    - Behaviour of concentrated solutions of curdlan
    - Behaviour of concentrated solutions of side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
    - Solution behaviour of concentrated solutions of cereal (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
  - Dilute Solution Properties
    - Definitions of molecular parameters determined in dilute solution studies
    - Dilute solution properties of linear (1,3)-?-glucans
    - Dilute solution properties of side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
    - Solution properties of cereal (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
    - Solution properties of charged side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
  - Gelation Behaviour of (1,3)-?-Glucans
    - Gelation of cereal (1,3;1,4)-?-glucans
    - Gelation of curdlan
    - Gelation of side-chain-branched (1,3;1,6)-?-glucans
Enzymology and Molecular Genetics of Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1,3)-?-Glucans: Prokaryotes
- Acknowledgements
- Conclusion
- Cyclic (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
  - Membrane Topology and Enzymology
    - The NdvB protein
    - The NdvC and NdvD proteins
  - The ndv Biosynthesis Genes
- Pneumococcal Type 37 (1,3;1,2)-?-Glucan
  - Enzymology
  - Membrane Topology
  - Molecular Biology
- References
- Introduction
- Curdlan
  - Deposition of Capsular Curdlan
  - Enzymology
  - Initiation, Direction of Chain Growth and Specification of Linkage Position
  - Structure of the Active Site and Mechanism of Formation and Specification of Glycosidic Linkage
  - Topology of the Membrane-Bound Curdlan Synthase and Associated Proteins
  - Other Curdlan-Related Loci
    - The ntrBC and ntrYX nitrogen regulatory genes
    - The relA gene encoding the (p)ppGpp alarmone
    - The crdR regulatory gene
    - The pssA gene encoding a phospholipid synthase
Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1,3)-?-Glucans and (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans in Protozoans and Chromistans: Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Biology
- Introduction
- Biochemistry of ?-Glucan Biosynthesis in Protozoans and Chromistans
  - Model Organisms
  - Subcellular Localization of ?-Glucan Synthases and Preparation of Cell-Free Extracts
  - Assay Conditions and Kinetic Parameters
  - Modulation of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthase Activities In vitro
    - Divalent cations
    - Nucleotides
    - Activation by free and bound saccharides and requirement of a primer
    - Other compounds affecting (1,3)-?-glucan synthase activities in vitro
    - Proteases
  - Purification of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthases
  - Product Characterization
  - Biosynthesis of Side-Chain-Branched (1,3;1,6)-?-Glucans
- Molecular Biology of ?-Glucan Biosynthesis in Protozoans and Chromistans
- Acknowledgement
- References
Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1-3)-?-Glucans, (1-3;1-6)-?-Glucans from Yeasts: Biochemical Properties and Molecular Biology
- Introduction
- Cell Walls and ?-glucans in Yeast
- Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1-3)-?-Glucans
  - Catalytic Subunit
  - Regulatory Subunit
  - Other Proteins Associated with Glucan Synthase Activity
  - Regulation of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthesis in Yeast
    - Factors involved in the regulation of glucan synthase activity via Rho1p
    - Post-translational Modification of Rho1p
    - Transcriptional Regulation of the FKS Genes
    - Location of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthase
    - Movement of Fks1p in the Plasma Membrane
  - Glucan Synthesis in Spore Formation
  - Cell Wall Integrity Checkpoint in Yeast
  - Cross Talk in the Regulation of Other Cell Wall Components
  - Glucan Synthase Inhibitors
- Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1-6)-?-Glucans
- Conclusions
- References
Biochemical and Molecular Properties of Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1,3)-?-Glucans in Embryophytes, Chlorophytes and Rhodophytes
- Introduction
- (1,3)-?-Glucans in Embryophytes
- The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucan in Embryophytes
  - The GSL Proteins
  - The GSL Gene Family
  - Functional Analysis of GSL Genes
  - Biochemical Identification of GSL Proteins
  - Callose Synthase Complexes
- Regulation of Callose Synthesis
  - The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucans in Chlorophytes
  - The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucans in Rhodophytes
- Acknowledgements
- Future Directions
- References
Plant and Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Depolymerization of (1,3)-?-d-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides
- (1,3)-?-D-Glucan endohydrolases and related enzymes
  - (1,6)-?-D-Glucan endohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.75)
  - Family GH16 (1,3)- and related ?-D-glucan endohydrolases
    - (1,3)-?-D-glucan endohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.39)
    - (1,3/1,3;1,4)-?-D-Glucan endohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.6)
    - (1,3;1,4)-?-D-Glucan endohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.73)
    - Evolution of enzymes in the GH16 family
    - Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases (XTHs; EC 2.4.1.207)
  - Family GH17 (1,3)-?-D-glucan endohydrolases
    - Catalytic mechanism
    - Classification and occurrence
    - Properties
    - Structure
    - Substrate specificities and action patterns
    - Transglycosylation reactions
  - Family GH17 (1,3;1,4)-?-D-glucan endohydrolases
    - Catalytic mechanism
    - Classification and occurrence
    - Properties
    - Three-dimensional structure and evolution
  - Family GH26 (1,3;1,4)-?-D-glucan endohydrolases
- (1,3)-?-D-Glucan exohydrolases and related enzymes
  - ?-D-Glucosidases of Family GH1
    - Action pattern
    - Catalytic mechanism
    - Classification and occurrence
    - Properties
    - Substrate specificity
    - Three-dimensional structures
  - ?-D-Glycoside Exo-Hydrolases of Family GH3
    - Action pattern
    - Catalytic mechanism
    - Classification and occurrence
    - Properties
    - Structural determinants of substrate specificity
    - Substrate specificity
    - Three-dimensional structures
- (1,3)-?-D-Glucan phosphorylases and related enzymes
- Acknowledgement
- Concluding remarks
- Introduction
- Proteinaceous inhibitors of plant (1,3)-?-D-glucanases produced by fungal pathogens
- References
Interactions between Proteins and (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides
- I.A. Introduction
- I.B. General Structural Properties of (1,3)-?-Glucan-Binding Proteins
- I.C. (1,3)-?-Glucan Structure
- I.d. Structure-function Relationships of ?-Glucan Binding CBMs
  - I.D.a CBM4
  - I.D.b. CBM6
  - I.D.c CBM11
  - I.D.d CBM17 and CBM22
  - I.D.e CBM22
  - I.D.f. CBM43
- I.E. Biochemical Analysis of Other ?-Glucan Binding Proteins
  - I.E.a CBM13
  - I.E.b. Immunostimulatory Proteins: CBM39, GH16s and Dectin-1
  - I.E.c. Structural Comparison of Sequence-Unrelated CBM ?-Glucan Binding Sites
- I.F. Overview
- References
Callose in Cell Division
- Alveolation in syncytial systems
- Deposition of Callose
- Introduction
- References
- The Function of Callose in Cytokinesis
Cytology of the (1-3)-?-Glucan (Callose) in Plasmodesmata and Sieve Plate Pores
- Introduction
- Callose Localization in Pd and Sieve Plates
- Pd Regulation by Callose Turnover
- Pd and Sieve Plate Callose in Abiotic Stresses
  - Wound response: is callose an artifact?
  - Other abiotical stresses induce Pd callose
- Pd and Sieve Plate Callose During Development
  - Sieve plate pore development
  - Definitive and dormancy callose
  - Cotton fibre elongation
- Pd and Sieve Plate Callose in Biotic Stresses
  - Herbivorous attack
  - Viral infection
- Acknowledgements
- References
Callose and its Role in Pollen and Embryo Sac Development in Flowering Plants
- Introduction
- Overview of Microgamete Development
  - Microgamete Development in Arabidopsis
    - Meiosis to cytokinesis (stages 35)
    - Premeiosis I and II (stages 1 and 2)
    - Released microspore I (stages 6 and 7)
    - Released microspore II to bicellular pollen grains I (stages 810)
    - Progamic phase: Pollen germination and pollen tube growth
    - Second mitotic division to mature pollen grains (stages 11 and 12)
- Functions for Callose During Microgamete Development
  - Role of Callose in the Special Cell Wall
  - Callose and its Role during Cytokinesis
  - Role of Callose in Post-Meiotic Male Gamete Development
- Overview of Megagamete Development
  - Megagamete Development in Arabidopsis
- Callose in Apomictic Embryo Sacs
- Conclusions and Future Prospects
- Acknowledgements
- References
Callose in Abiotic Stress
- Callose and Anoxia
- Callose and Temperature Stress
- Callose and the Gravitropic Response
- Concluding Remarks
- Metal Toxicity and Callose Formation
  - Aluminium
  - General Aspects
  - Manganese and Other Heavy Metals
- References
- Regulation of Callose Formation in Response to Abiotic Stress
- Wounding, Osmotic Stress and Callose Formation
Callose in Biotic Stress (Pathogenesis)
- Callose in PlantFungi Interactions
- Callose in PlantBacteria Interactions
- Callose in Plantvirus Interactions
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
Biological and Immunological Aspects of Innate Defence Mechanisms Activated by (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides in Invertebrates
- Cellular Immunity
- Coagulation
- Induction of AMP Synthesis
- Introduction
- Melanization Cascade
- References
(1,3)-?-Glucans in Innate Immunity: Mammalian Systems
- Acknowledgements
- Conclusions
- In vivo pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of glucans
  - In vivo effect of systemic glucan administration on Dectin-1 levels
  - In vivo effects of (1,3)-?-glucans in animal models of disease
    - Anti-inflammatory activity of glucans
    - Anti-tumor activity of glucans
    - Bacterial infections
    - Fungal infections
    - Ischemia/reperfusion injury
    - Stimulation of innate immunity following oral glucan administration
    - Viral infections
    - Wound repair
- Introduction
- Mammalian receptors for (1,3)-?-glucans
  - Complement receptor 3 (CR3)
  - Dectin-1
  - Lactosylceramide
  - Scavenger receptors
- References
- Structure/activity relationships between (1,3)-?-glucans and Dectin-1 in mammalian systems
Functional Roles of (1,3)-?-glucans and Related Polysaccharides: Prokaryotes
- Introduction
- Linear (1,3)-b-Glucan (Curdlan)
  - Occurrence
  - Formation and Functional Roles
- Cyclic (1,3)- and (1,3;1,6)-b-Glucans
  - Occurrence
  - Formation and Functional Roles
    - Adaptation to hypo-osmotic conditions
    - Nodulation and N2-fixation
    - Suppression of plant defence response
- Streptococcal Type 37 (1,3;1,2)-b-Glucan
- Acknowledgements
- Conclusion
- References
Biology of (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Glucans in Protozoans and Chromistans
- Introduction
- Euglenophyceae
- Haptophyceae (Prymnesiophyceae)
- Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)
  - Chrysolaminarin
  - Callose
- Chrysophyceae (golden algae)
- Oomycota
  - Mycolaminarin
  - Cell wall polysaccharides
  - Cellulin
- Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
- Other classes
- References
Organization of Fungal, Oomycete and Lichen (1,3)-?-Glucans
- (1,3)-?-Glucans in Fungi
  - Fungal and Yeast (1,3)-?-Glucan Extracellular Polysaccharides
  - (1,3)-?-Glucans in fungal cell walls
    - Isolation of (1,3)-?-glucans from cell walls
    - Structure and molecular organization of (1,3)-?-glucans in yeats and mould cell walls
    - Structural variations
    - Cell wall (1,3)-?-glucans and fungal taxonomy
- Introduction
- (1,3)-?-Glucans in Lichens
- (1,3)-?-Glucans in Oomycetes
  - Oomycete Cell Wall
  - Storage (1,3)-?-glucans
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
Distribution, Fine Structure and Function of (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucans in the Grasses and Other Taxa
- Introduction
- Fine Structure of (1,3;1,4)-?-D -Glucans
- Biological Role of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in Cell Walls
  - Formation of Gel-Like Matrices in the Wall
    - The effects of fine structure on biological function
    - (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans as a Source of Metabolizable Energy
- Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in Plants and Other Taxa
  - Lichens and Fungi
  - Plants Other Than Angiosperms
  - Chromalveolates
  - Prokaryotes
    - Isolation and Analysis of the Walls of Specific Cell Types
    - Histochemical Location Using Calcofluor
    - Location Using Immunocytochemistry
    - Pearling and Chemical Analysis of Fractions
- Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in Angiosperms
- Location of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in Vegetative Organs of Poaceae
- Concentrations of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in Whole Cereal Grains
- Role of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in the Cell-Wall Architecture of the Poaceae
- Effects of the Environment on (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucan Concentrations in Whole Grains
- Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucans in the Cell Walls of Mature Grains
- Within Plant Variation in (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucan Concentrations in Whole Grains
- Acknowledgements
- References
Evolutionary Aspects of (1,3)-?-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides
- Conclusion
- Evolutionary Significance of (1,3)- and (1,3;1,4)-b-Glucans
- Genes Encoding (1,3)-b-Glucan Synthases
- Genes Encoding (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucan Synthases
- Introduction
- Occurrence of (1,3;1,4)-b-Glucans
- References
Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z