1 A Brief History of Dietary Chinese Herbs
2 Food and Nutraceutical Applications of Chinese Herbal Products
2.2 Regulation of Dietary Use of Herbal Remedies in Canada, USA and European Union
2.2.1 Natural Health Product Regulation in Canada
2.2.2 Botanical Products and Their Regulation in the U.S. and European Union
2.3 Randomized Clinical Trials Using Dietary Herbs and/or Active Ingredients and Their Limitations
2.4 Market Trends in the Functional Foods and Natural Health Products Industry
2.4.2 Food Products with Added Herbs
2.4.3 Natural Health Products Based on Herbal Remedies: What Is on the Market?
Part II Root, Rhizome, Tuber, and Bulb Materials
3 Achyranthes bidentata Bl. 725B819D (Niuxi, Twotooth Achyranthes Root)
3.2 Chemical Constituents
3.3 Pharmacological Studies
3.4 Applications and Dietary Usage
3.4.2.2 Niuxi Used in Medicated Foods
3.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
4 Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep. 6CFD6CFB (Zexie, Alismatis Rhizoma)
4.2 Chemical Constituents
4.3 Pharmacological Studies
4.3.2 Inhibition of Kidney Stones
4.3.3 Improvement of the Cardiovascular System
4.3.4 Enhancing Immunity and Anti-inflammation
4.3.6 Promoting Weight Loss
4.3.7 Digestive Disorders
4.3.8 Anti-migration Activity
4.3.9 Other Pharmacological Activities
4.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
4.5 Side Effects and Toxicity
5 Alpinia officinarum Hance 9AD8826F59DC (Gaoliangjiang, galangal)
5.2 Chemical Constituents
5.3 Pharmacological Studies
5.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
5.4.2.1 Gaoliangjiang Teas
5.4.2.2 Gaoliangjiang Wine [12]
5.4.2.3 Gaoliangjiang Used in Medicated Foods
5.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
6 Angelica dahurica (Fish. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook. f. 767D82B7 (Baizhi, Chinese Angelica)
6.2 Chemical Constituents
6.3 Pharmacological Studies
6.4 Applications and Dietary Usage
6.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
7 Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels 5F535F52 (Danggui, Dongkuai)
7.2 Chemical Constituents
7.3 Pharmacological Studies
7.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
7.4.1 TCM Applications [10]
7.4.2.3 Danggui Used in Medicinal Foods
7.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data [17]
8 Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. 592951AC (Tiandong, Chinese Asparagus)
8.2 Chemical Constituents
8.3 Pharmacological Studies
8.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
8.4.2.3 Tiandong Maidong Snow Pear Soup
8.4.2.4 Sugar-Free Tiandong Sweetmeat
8.4.2.5 Tiandong Black Bean Porridge
8.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issues
9 Astragalus membranaceus 9EC482AA (Huangqi, Milkvetch Root)
9.2 Chemical Constituents
9.2.2 Triterpenoid Saponins
9.2.4 Quantitative Determination
9.3 Pharmacological Studies
9.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
9.4.2.3 Huangqi-Danggui Tea
9.4.2.5 Huangqi-Gouqi Tea
9.4.2.6 Huangqi-Honey Drink
9.4.2.7 Huangqi-Shandi Porridge
9.4.2.8 Shenqi-Dazao Porridge
9.4.2.9 Huangqi-Chicken Soup
9.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
10 Codonopsis pilosula 515A53C2 (Dangshen, Pilose Asiabell)
10.2 Chemical Constituents
10.2.1 Carbohydrates and Glycosides
10.2.2 Polyacetylene Glucosides
10.3 Pharmacological Studies
10.3.1 Effects on Digestive System
10.3.2 Effects on Cardiovascular System
10.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
10.4.1.1 Wuwei Yigong Powder [7]
10.4.1.2 Shenling Baizhu Powder [8]
10.4.1.3 Sijunzi Decoction [9]
10.4.1.4 Buzhong Yiqi Decoction [9]
10.4.2.1 Dangshen Frog Decoction
10.4.2.2 Dangshen Wuweizi Pork Liver Porridge
10.4.2.3 Dangshen Kuxingren Pork Lung Soup
10.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
11 Curcuma longa L. 59DC9EC4 (Jianghuang, Common Turmeric)
11.2 Chemical Constituents
11.3 Pharmacological Studies
11.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
11.4.2.3 Natural Food Additive
11.5 Quality Evaluation and Assurance
11.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issues
12 Dioscorea opposite Thunb. 5C71836F (Shanyao, Chinese Yam)
12.2 Chemical Constituents
12.2.2 Diosgenin and Dioscin
12.3 Pharmacological Studies
12.3.1 Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)
12.3.3 Hypoglycemic Effect
12.3.4 Reno- and Hepato-Protective Effects
12.3.5 Improvement of Gastrointestinal Function
12.3.6 Radio Protective Effect
12.3.8 Immunological Activity
12.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
12.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
13 Gastrodia elata Blume. 59299EBB (Tianma, Gastrodia Tuber)
13.2 Chemical Constituents
13.3 Pharmacological Studies
13.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
13.4.2 Dietary Usages [8]
13.4.2.3 Tianma Used as Culinary and Dietary Material
13.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
14 Glycyrrhiza uralensis 75188349 (Gancao, Licorice)
14.2 Chemical Constituents
14.2.1 Triterpenoid Saponins
14.3 Pharmacological Studies
14.3.1 Anti-inflammatory Effects
14.3.3 Immunomodulatory Effects
14.3.5 Neurogenesis Protective Effects
14.3.6 Estrogenic Effects
14.3.7 Anti-metabolic Syndrome
14.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
14.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issues
15 Lilium lancifolium 767E5408 (Baihe, Tiger Lily)
15.2 Chemical Constituents
15.3 Pharmacological Studies
15.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
15.5 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity
16 Morinda officinalis How 5DF4621F5929 (Bajitian)
16.2 Chemical Constituents
16.3 Pharmacological Studies
16.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
16.4.2.1 Bajitian Teas [16]
16.4.2.2 Bajitian Wine [17]
16.4.2.3 Bajitian Used in Medicated Foods
16.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
17 Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl. 9EA651AC (Maidong, Fountain Plant)
17.2 Chemical Constituents
17.3 Pharmacological Studies
17.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
17.4.2.1 Juhua Maidong Tea
17.4.2.2 Moli Maidong Tea
18 Paeonia lactiflora Pall. 828D836F (Shaoyao, Chinese Herbaceous Peony)
18.2 Chemical Constituents
18.3 Pharmacological Studies
18.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
18.4.2.2 Shaoyao Used in Medicated Foods
18.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
19 Panax ginseng 4EBA53C2 (Renshen, Ginseng)
19.2 Chemical Constituents
19.2.1.1 Protopanaxadiol Protopanaxadiols (PPD)
19.2.1.2 Protopanaxatriol Protopanaxatriols (PPT)
19.2.1.3 Oleanolic Acid Type
19.2.4 Flavonoids and Volatile Oil
19.3 Pharmacological Studies
19.3.1 Effects on the CNS
19.3.2 Effects on Cardiovascular System
19.3.3 Effects on Growth and Intermediary Metabolism
19.3.4 Anti-hyperglycemic Effects
19.3.5 Anti-cancer Effect
19.3.6 Anti-aging Effects
19.3.8 Anti-obesity Effect
19.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
19.4.2.2 Ginseng Used in Medicated Foods
19.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
20 Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen 4E094E03 (Sanqi, Notoginseng)
20.2 Chemical Constituents
20.2.2 Other Constituents
20.3 Pharmacological Studies
20.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
20.4.2.2 Sanqi Used in Medicated Foods
20.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
21 Panax quinquefolius L. 897F6D0B53C2 (Xiyangshen, American Ginseng)
21.2 Chemical Constituents
21.3 Pharmacological Studies
21.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
21.4.2.1 American Ginseng Teas
21.4.2.2 American Ginseng Porridge
21.4.2.3 American Ginseng Used in Medicated Foods
21.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
22 Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. 68546897 (Jiegeng, Balloonflower)
22.2 Chemical Constituents
22.3 Pharmacological Studies
22.3.1 Antitussive and Expectorant Activities
22.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Activities
22.3.3 Hepatoprotective Activities
22.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
22.4.1.1 Jiegeng Decoction
22.4.1.3 Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction
22.4.1.4 Shenling Baizhu Powder
22.4.2.3 Jiegeng Mushroom Soup
22.4.2.4 Runfei Zhike Tea
22.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
23 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua 9EC47CBE (Huangjing)
23.2 Chemical Constituents
23.2.1 Poly- and Oligosaccharides
23.3 Pharmacological Studies
23.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
23.4.2.3 Huangjing Used in Medicated Foods
23.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
24 Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce 73897AF9 (Yuzhu)
24.2 Chemical Constituents
24.2.1 Polygonatum Odoratum Polysaccharide
24.2.2 Steroidal Saponins
24.3 Pharmacological Studies
24.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
24.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
25 Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. 4F5599964E4C (Heshouwu, Tuber Fleeceflower Root)
25.2 Chemical Constituents [1, 4]
25.2.1 Stilbene Glycosides
25.2.4 Carbohydrate Compounds
25.3 Pharmacological Studies [1]
25.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
25.4.1 TCM Applications [7]
25.4.2 Dietary Usages [8]
25.4.2.1 Heizhima Shanyao Heshouwu Powder
25.4.2.2 Pig Liver Steamed with Prepared Heshouwu
25.4.2.3 Hen Steamed by Prepared Heshouwu
25.4.2.4 Heshouwu Cishen Soup
25.5 Quality Evaluation and Assurance [7]
25.7 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
26 Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi 845B6839 (Gegen, Kudzu)
26.2 Chemical Constituents
26.3 Pharmacological Studies
26.3.1 Cardiovascular Diseases
26.3.2 Diabetic and Diabetic Complications
26.3.3 Phytoestrogenic Activity
26.3.4 Treatment of Excessive Alcohol Intake
26.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
26.4.2.2 Gegen Tea and Gegen Drink
26.4.2.3 Other Gegen Foods
26.5.1 Cardiovascular Diseases
26.5.2 Cerebrovascular Diseases
26.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
27 Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. 57309EC4 (Dihuang, Rehmannia)
27.2 Chemical Constituents
27.2.2 Iridoid Glycosides
27.3 Pharmacological Studies
27.3.1 Anti-oxidant and Anti-aging
27.3.2 Enhancing Immunity
27.3.3 Lowering Blood Glucose
27.3.4 Anti-mutation and Anti-cancer
27.3.5 Neuroprotection and Other Effects on Nervous System
27.3.6 Promoting the Recovery of Hematopoiesis
27.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
27.4.2.1 Dihuang Porridge
27.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
28 Rhodiola crenulata L. 7EA2666F5929 (Hongjingtian, Red-Spotted Stonecrops)
28.2 Chemical Constituents
28.2.1 Phenols and Their Corresponding Glycosides
28.2.2 Monoterpenoid Glycosides and Cyanophoric Glycosides
28.3 Pharmacological Studies
28.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
28.4.2.1 Hongjingtian Tea
28.4.2.2 Hongjingtian Capsule
28.4.2.3 Hongjingtian Wine
28.4.2.4 Hongjingtian Gruel
28.5 Quality Evaluation and Assurance
28.7 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
29 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bonge 4E3953C2 (Danshen, Red Sage)
29.2 Chemical Constituents
29.2.1 Phenanthraquinones
29.3 Pharmacological Studies
29.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
29.4.2.2 Danshen Wine [13]
29.4.2.3 Danshen Used in Medicated Foods
29.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
30 Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Rosc. 59DC (Jiang, Common Ginger)
30.2 Chemical Constituents
30.2.2 Non-volatile Pungent Principles
30.3 Pharmacological Studies
30.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
30.4.2 Dietary Usage [2, 9]
30.4.2.1 Ginger Used as a Condiment in Food and Beverage Industries
30.4.2.2 Ginger Used as Household Remedy
30.4.2.3 Ginger Used as Culinary and Dietary Materials
30.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
Part III Fruit or Seed Materials
31 Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel 76CA667A4EC1 (Yizhi Ren, Sharpleaf Galangal)
31.2 Chemical Constituents
31.3 Pharmacological Studies
31.4 TCM Application and Dietary Usage
31.4.2.2 Shexian Flapjack
31.4.2.3 Yizhi Beef Broth
31.4.2.4 Yizhi Ren Flavor
31.6 Quality Evaluation and Assurance
31.7 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
32 Amomum villosum 78024EC1 (Sharen, Amomum Fruit)
32.2 Chemical Constituents
32.3 Pharmacological Studies
32.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
32.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
33 Arctium lappa L. 725B84A15B50 (Niubangzi, Great Burdock)
33.2 Chemical Constituents
33.3 Pharmacological Studies
33.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
34 Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. 9752679C (Qingguo, Chinese Olive)
34.2 Chemical Constituents
34.3 Pharmacological Studies
34.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
34.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
35 Cassia Obtusifolia L. 51B3660E5B50 (Juemingzi, Semen Cassiae)
35.2 Chemical Constituents
35.3 Pharmacological Studies
35.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
35.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
36 Chaenomeles speciosa 672874DC (Mugua, Flowering Quince)
36.2 Chemical Constituents and Quality Evaluation
36.3 Pharmacological Studies
36.3.1 Anticancer Activity
36.3.2 Hepatoprotective Activity
36.3.3 Antiinflammatory and Antibacterial Activity
36.3.4 Other Pharmacological Activity
36.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
36.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
37 Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle 4F5B624B (Foshou, Finger Citron)
37.2 Chemical Constituents
37.3 Pharmacological Studies
37.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
37.5 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
38 Citrus reticulata Blanco and Cultivars 6A5876AE (Jupi, Mandarin Orange Peel)
38.2 Chemical Constituents
38.2.2.1 Polymethoxylated Flavonoids (PMFs)
38.2.2.2 Other Flavonoids
38.3 Pharmacological Studies
38.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
38.4.2.2 Chenpi Used in Medicated Foods
38.5 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
39 Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf 858F82E14EC1 (Yiyiren, Jobstears)
39.2 Chemical Constituents
39.2.1 Nutritional Ingredients
39.2.2 Bioactive Ingredients [6, 7]
39.3 Pharmacological Studies
39.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
39.4.2.2 Coix Seed Health Care Wine
39.4.2.3 Coix Seed Used in Medicated Foods
39.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
40 Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. 5C7183318438 (Shanzhuyu, Medicinal Dogwood)
40.2 Chemical Constituents
40.2.1 Iridoid Glycosides
40.3 Pharmacological Studies [2, 11]
40.4 TCM-Applications and Dietary Usage
40.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data [20]
41 Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. 5C716942 (Shanzha, Hawthorn Fruit)
41.2 Chemical Constituents
41.3 Pharmacological Studies
41.3.2 Hypolipidemic and Preventive Effects on Atherosclerosis
41.3.3 Hepatoprotective Function
41.3.4 Antitumor Activity
41.3.5 Antioxidant Activity
41.3.6 Anti-aging Activity
41.3.7 Hair Growth Activity
41.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
41.5 Quality Evaluation and Assurance
41.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
42 Dimocarpus longan Lour. 9F99773C8089 (Longyanrou, Longan)
42.2 Chemical Constituents
42.3 Pharmacological Studies
42.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
42.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
43 Euryale ferox 82A15B9E (Qianshi, Gordon Euryale Seed)
43.2 Chemical Constituents
43.2.1 Nutritional Ingredients [2]
43.2.2 Functional Ingredients
43.3 Pharmacological Studies
43.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
43.5 Quality Evaluation and Assurance
43.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
44 Gardenia jasminoides Ellis 68005B50 (Zhizi, Capejasmine)
44.1 Botanical Identity [1]
44.2 Chemical Constituents
44.2.1 Iridoid Glycosides
44.2.2 Organic Acid Esters
44.2.3 Saffron Glycosides
44.3 Pharmacological Studies
44.3.1 Antioxidative Effect of Gardenia jasminoides
44.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Effects of G. jasminoides
44.3.3 Neuroprotective Effects of Gardenia jasminoide
44.3.4 Antitumoric Activity of G. jasminoides
44.3.5 Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Gardenia jasminoides
44.3.6 Antifibrotic Effects of G. jasminoides
44.3.7 Antithrombotic Effect of Gardenia jasminoides
44.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
44.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
45 Ginkgo biloba L. 94F6674F (Yinxing, Baiguo, Ginkgo)
45.2 Chemical Constituents
45.2.2 Alkyl Phenolic Acids and Alkyl Phenols
45.3 Pharmacological Studies
45.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
45.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
46 Hippophae rhamnoides L. 6C9968D8 (Shaji, Common Sea-buckthorn)
46.2 Chemical Constituents
46.2.1 Fatty Acids and Phytosterols
46.2.2 Flavonoids and Phenolics
46.3 Pharmacological Studies
46.3.1 Antioxidant Activities
46.3.2 Cardiovascular Protection
46.3.3 Skin and Mucosa Health
46.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
46.4.3 Beverages and Foods
46.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
47 Hovenia dulcis Thunb. 67B369075B50 (Zhijuzi, Oriental Raisin Tree Seed)
47.2 Chemical Constituents
47.3 Pharmacological Studies
47.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
47.4.2.1 Zhijuzi and Swine Lung Soup
47.4.2.3 Zhijuzi Cooked with Chicken Liver
47.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
48 Lycium barbarum L. 67B8675E5B50 (Gouqizi, Wolfberry)
48.2 Chemical Constituents
48.3 Pharmacological Studies
48.4 TCM-Applications and Dietary Usage
48.4.1 TCM Application [10]
48.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
49 Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle 7F576C49679C (Luo Han Guo)
49.2 Chemical Constituents
49.2.1 Triterpene Glycosides
49.3 Pharmacological Studies
49.4 TCM Application and Dietary Usage
49.4.2.2 Luohanguo Candy Drink
49.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
50 Myristica fragrans Houtt. 80898C46853B (Roudoukou, Nutmeg)
50.2 Chemical Constituents
50.3 Pharmacological Studies
50.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
50.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
50.6.1 Cardiovascular Reaction
50.6.2 Neurological Reaction [17, 18]
51 Phyllanthus emblica L. 4F5975185B50 (Yuganzi, Indian Gooseberry)
51.2 Chemical Constituents
51.2.1 Tannins and Related Polyphenols
51.2.3 Nutritious Components
51.3 Pharmacological Studies
51.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
51.4.2.3 Yuganzi Succades
51.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
52 Piper nigrum L. 9ED180E16912 (Heihujiao, Black Pepper)
52.2 Chemical Constituents
52.3 Pharmacological Studies
52.3.1 Effects of P. nigrum on Digestion
52.3.2 Antioxidant Activity of P. nigrum
52.3.3 Antidiarrhoeal Property of P. nigrum
52.3.4 Antimutagenic and Antitumor Activity of P. nigrum
52.3.5 Anti-inflammatory Activity of P. nigrum
52.3.6 Antihypertensive Effect of P. nigrum
52.3.7 Antibacterial Effects of P. nigrum
52.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
52.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
53 Prunella vulgaris L. 590F67AF8349 (Xiakucao, Common Selfheal)
53.2 Chemical Constituents
53.2.1 Triterpenoids and Their Saponins
53.3 Pharmacological Studies
53.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
54 Prunus armeniaca L. 82E6674F4EC1 (Kuxingren, Apricot)
54.2 Chemical Constituents
54.3 Pharmacological Studies
54.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
54.4.2.2 Honey and Almond Pellet
54.4.2.3 Almond Sesame Powder
54.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issues
55 Prunus mume (Sieb.) Sieb. et Zucc. 4E4C6885 (Wumei, Japanese Apricot)
55.2 Chemical Constituents
55.2.2 Terpenoid Compounds
55.2.4 Volatile Components
55.3 Pharmacological Studies
55.3.1 Antibacterial Effects of Prunus mume
55.3.2 Antitumor Activity of Prunus mume
55.3.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Prunus mume
55.3.4 Effect of Prunus mume on Blood Fluidity
55.3.5 Effect of Prunus mume on Immune System
55.3.6 Anti-gout Effects of Prunus mume
55.4 TCM Application and Dietary Usage
55.4.2 Dietary Usage [18]
55.4.2.3 Pickled and Preserved Prunus mume
55.5 Clinical Evidences [20]
55.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
56 Rosa davurica Pall 523A73AB679C (Cimeiguo, Dahurian Rose Fruit)
56.2 Chemical Constituents
56.2.1 Main Phytochemicals
56.2.2 Other Phytochemicals
56.3 Pharmacological Studies
56.3.2 Anti-cancer Effects and Anti-inflammatory Effects
56.3.3 Effect on Cardiovascular System
56.3.4 Hepatoprotective Effect
56.3.5 Anti-fatigue and Anti-hypoxia Effect
56.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
56.4.1 Traditional Chinese Treatment
56.5 Side Effects and Toxicity
57 Rosa laevigata Michx. 91D16A315B50 (Jinyingzi, Cherokee Rose)
57.2 Chemical Constituents
57.2.1 Tannins and Related Polyphenols
57.3 Pharmacological Studies
57.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
57.4.2.3 Natural Colorant
57.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
58 Rubus chingii 898676C65B50 (Fupenzi, Immature Raspberry Fruit)
58.2 Chemical Constituents
58.3 Pharmacological Studies
58.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
58.4.2.1 Treating of Impotence
58.4.2.2 Treating of Frequent Urination
58.4.2.3 Treating of Enuresis in Pediatric
58.4.2.4 Treating of Diabetic Insipindus and Urinary Incontinence
58.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
59 Schisandra chinensis 4E9454735B50(Wuweizi, Chinese Magnoliavine)
59.2 Chemical Constituents
59.3 Pharmacological Studies
59.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
59.6 Quality Evaluation and Assurance
59.7 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
60 Sesamum indicum L. 9ED1829D9EBB (Heizhima, Black Sesame)
60.2 Chemical Constituents
60.2.2 Oil and Tocopherol
60.3 Pharmacological Studies
60.4 TCM Applications and Dietary, Cosmetic Usage
60.4.2.1 Heizhima as Food
60.4.2.2 Heizhima Oils [6]
60.4.2.3 Heizhima Used in Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
60.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
61 Sterculia lychnophora Hance 80D659276D77 (Pangdahai, Malva Nut Tree)
61.2 Chemical Constituents
61.2.4 Alkaloids, Cerebrosides, Flavonoids, and Other Organic Compounds
61.3 Pharmacological Studies
61.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
61.3.3 Antihypertensive Effect
61.3.4 Inhibiting the Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation
61.3.5 Antibacteria Effect
61.3.6 Weight-Losing Effect
61.4 TCM Application and Dietary Usage
61.6 Safety Evaluations and Toxicity Issues
62 Terminalia chebula Retz. 8BC35B50 (Hezi, Chebulic Myrobalan)
62.2 Chemical Constituents
62.3 Pharmacological Studies
62.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
62.4.1 TCM Applications [1]
62.4.2.3 Hezi Used in Medicated Foods
62.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
63 Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi or Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et Ohashi 8D645C0F8C46 (Chixiaodou, Rice Bean)
63.2 Chemical Constituents
63.2.1 Triterpenoid Saponins
63.3 Pharmacological Studies
63.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
63.4.2.1 Rice Beans and Crucian Crap Decoction
63.4.2.2 Rice Beans and Coix Seed Gruel
63.4.2.3 Rice Beans Paste
63.4.2.4 Rice Bean Decoction
63.4.2.5 Japanese Adzuki Bean Rice
63.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
64 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 592767A3 (Dazao, Common Jujube)
64.2 Chemical Constituents
64.2.3 Saponins and Triterpenoids
64.3 Pharmacological Studies
64.3.1 Effect on Cardiovascular System
64.3.2 Effect on Central Nervous System
64.3.3 Effect on the Immune System
64.3.4 Antitumor Activity
64.3.5 Antioxidant Capacity
64.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
64.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issues
65 Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa 917867A34EC1 (Suanzaoren)
65.2.1 Triterpenoid Saponins
65.3 Pharmacological Studies
65.3.1 On the Central Nervous System
65.3.2 For Cardiovascular Nervous System
65.3.3 Immune Enhancement
65.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
65.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issues
Part IV Aerial Part, Stem, Stem Bark, and Leaf Materials
66 Aloe barbadensis Miller 82A6835F (Luhui, Aloe vera)
66.2 Chemical Constituents
66.3 Pharmacological Studies
66.3.1 Immunomodulatory Effects
66.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Effects
66.3.3 Wound Healing Effects
66.3.4 Antitumor and Antiviral Activities
66.3.5 Anti-aging and Anti-oxidative Activities
66.4 TCM Applications and Detary Usage
66.4.1.1 Danggui Longhui Pill
66.4.1.2 Luhui Junzi Powder
66.4.2.1 Luhui Danggui Drink
66.4.2.2 Luhui Pork Chop Soup
66.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
67 Cinnamomum cassia Presl. 80896842 (Rougui, Cassia Bark Tree)
67.2 Chemical Constituents
67.2.1 Rougui Volatile Oil
67.2.2 Other Constituents of Rougui Bark
67.3 Pharmacological Studies
67.3.1 Anti-diabetic Activity
67.3.2 Cholesterol-Lowering Activity
67.3.3 Anti-microbial Activity
67.3.4 Anti-cancer Activity
67.3.5 Immunomodulatory Activity
67.3.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity
67.3.7 Anti-oxidant Activity
67.3.8 Anti-ulcer Activity
67.3.9 Anti-viral Activity
67.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
67.4.2.1 Rougui Hongtang Teas
67.4.2.3 Rougui Used in Medicated Foods
67.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
68 Dendrobium nobile Lindl. 77F3659B (Shihu, Dendrobium)
68.2 Chemical Constituents
68.2.2 Bibenzyls and Phenanthrenes
68.3 Pharmacological Studies
68.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
69 Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. 6DEB7F8A85FF (Yinyanghuo, Barrenwort)
69.2 Chemical Constituents
69.3 Pharmacological Studies
69.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
69.4.2.1 Yinyanghuo Yizhi Soup
69.4.2.2 Erxian Concentrated Decoction
69.4.2.3 Custard Cream of Yinyanghuo
69.4.2.4 Yinyanghuo Yangshen Gruel
69.4.2.5 Yinyanghuo Gouqi Noodles
69.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
70 Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino 7EDE80A184DD (Jiaogulan, Fiveleaf Gynostemma)
70.2 Chemical Constituents
70.2.2 Other Constituents
70.3 Pharmacological Studies
70.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
70.4.2.2 Jiaogulan Used in Medicated Foods
70.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
71 Houttuynia cordata Thunb 9C7C81658349 (Yuxingcao, Houttuynia)
71.2 Chemical Constituents
71.3 Pharmacological Studies
71.3.1 Antibacterial Effects
71.3.3 Antioxidant Effects
71.3.4 Anti-inflammatory Effects
71.3.5 Antipyretic Effects
71.3.6 Organ Protection Effects
71.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
71.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
72 Mentha haplocalyx Briq. 85848377 (Bohe, Mint)
72.2 Chemical Constituents
72.3 Pharmacological Studies
72.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
72.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issues
73 Mosla chinensis Maxim. 999985B7 (Xiangru, Chinese Mosla Herb)
73.2 Chemical Constituents
73.3 Pharmacological Studies
73.3.1 Antimicrobial Activity
73.3.2 Antioxidant Activity
73.3.3 Antiviral Activity
73.3.4 Anti-inflammation and Relieving Fever Activity
73.3.5 Immune Enhancement Effect
73.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usages
73.4.1.1 Xianru Decoction
73.4.1.2 Xianru Decoction from Jiuji Fang
73.4.1.3 Xiangru Juice from Zhouhou Fang
73.4.2.2 Xiangru-Bohe Tea
73.4.2.3 Xiangru Porridge
73.4.2.4 Xiangru-er'dou Soup
73.5 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
74 Portulaca oleracea L. 9A6C9F7F82CB (Machixian, Purslane)
74.1 Botanical Identity [1, 2]
74.2 Chemical Constituents [3, 4]
74.2.3 Protein and Amino Acids
74.3 Pharmacological Studies
74.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage [1]
74.4.2.1 Purslane Porridge
74.4.2.3 Soup of Purslane and Pig Liver
74.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
75 Taraxacum mongolicum 84B2516C82F1 (Pugongying, Dandelion)
75.2 Chemical Constituents
75.3 Pharmacological Studies
75.3.1 Antioxidant Activity
75.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
75.3.4 Hypolipidemic Activity
75.3.5 Hypoglycemic Activity
75.3.7 Anti-microbial Activity
75.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
Part V Flower or Flower Bud Materials
76 Carthamus tinctorius L. 7EA282B1 (Honghua, Safflower)
76.2 Chemical Constituents
76.3 Pharmacological Studies
76.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
76.4.2.2 Huangqi Honghua Wine [10]
76.4.2.3 Gouqi Honghua Wine
76.4.2.4 Honghua Jupi Seaweed Soup [11]
76.4.2.6 Black Beans Honghua Drink
76.4.2.7 Xing Ju Honghua Drink [12]
76.4.2.8 Honghua Shanzha Pudding [13]
76.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
77 Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat 83CA82B1 (Juhua, Florists Chrysanthemum)
77.1 Botanical Identification
77.2 Chemical Constituents
77.3 Pharmacological Studies
77.3.1 Antioxidant Activity
77.3.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
77.3.3 Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity
77.3.4 Cardiovascular Health
77.3.5 Antiglycation and Diabetic Benefit
77.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
77.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
78 Lonicera japonica Thunb 91D194F682B1 (Jinyinhua, Honey Suckle)
78.2 Chemical Constituents
78.3 Pharmacological Studies
78.4 TCM Applications, Dietary, and Daily Life Usage
78.4.2.1 Jinyinhua Beverage and Wine
78.4.2.3 Jinyinhua Used in Medicated Foods
78.4.3 Jinyinhua Used in Daily Life
78.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
79 Sophora japonica L. 69D082B1 (Huaihua, Japanese Pagodatree Flower Bud)
79.1 Botanical Identity [1]
79.2 Chemical Constituents [1]
79.2.2 Triterpenoid Saponins
79.2.3 Steroids and Other Compounds
79.3 Pharmacological Studies [2]
79.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
79.4.2.1 Huaihua Carp Soup
79.4.2.3 Diyu Huaihua Honey Tea
79.4.2.4 Shanzha Huaihua Heye Tea
79.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
Part VI Multiple-part Materials
80 Cichorium glandulosum Bioss. Et Huet 83CA82E3 (Juju, Chicory)
80.2 Chemical Constituents
80.2.2 Some New Compounds Found Recently [7, 12, 15--19]
80.3 Pharmacological Studies
80.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
80.4.2.4 Chicory Used in Medicated Foods
80.5 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
81 Morus alba L. 6851 (Sang, White Mulberry)
81.2 Chemical Constituents
81.2.3 Sangbaipi (Root Barks)
81.2.5 Quantitative Determination
81.3 Pharmacological Studies
81.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
81.4.2.3 Sangshen Rock Candy Water
81.4.2.4 Sangshen Honey Concentrated Decoction
81.4.2.5 Sangshen-Sangzhi Wine
81.4.2.6 Sangzhi Dazao Porridge
81.4.2.7 Sangzhi Decoction
81.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
82 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. 8377 (He, Lotus)
82.2 Chemical Constituents
82.3 Pharmacological Studies
82.3.1 Anti-obese and Lipolytic Activity
82.3.2 Antioxidant Activity
82.3.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity
82.3.4 Antiviral Activity
82.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
82.4.1 TCM Applications [17]
82.5 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
83 Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. 7D2B82CF (Zisu, Common Perilla and Purple Common Perilla)
83.2 Chemical Constituents
83.2.2 Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids
83.3 Pharmacological Studies
83.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
83.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
84 Plantago asiatica L. 8F66524D (Cheqian, Asiatic Plantain)
84.2 Chemical Constituents
84.2.1 Phenylethanoid Glycosides
84.2.3 Flavonoid and Other Components
84.3 Pharmacological Studies
84.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
84.4.2.2 Yeju Cheqian Tea
84.6 Quality Evaluation and Assurance
84.7 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Issue
Part VII Fungi, Marine Algae, and Other Materials
85 Ganoderma lucidum 7075829D (Lingzhi, Ganoderma)
85.2 Chemical Constituents
85.3 Pharmacological Studies
85.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
85.4.2.2 Lingzhi Wine [8]
85.4.2.3 Lingzhi Used in Medicated Foods
85.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
86 Laminaria japonica Aresch. and Ecklonia Kurome Okam. 66065E03 (Kunbu, Kelp)
86.2 Chemical Constituents
86.2.6 Other Constituents
86.3 Pharmacological Studies
86.3.1 Anti-coagulant Activities
86.3.2 Anti-oxidant Activities
86.3.3 Anti-tumor Activities
86.3.4 Anti-virus Activities
86.3.5 Anti-inflammatory and Immune-Stimulant Activities
86.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
86.5.1 Treatment of Infusion Phlebitis
86.5.2 Treatment of Ophthalmic Diseases
86.5.3 Other Clinical Applications
86.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
87 Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf 832F82D3 (Fuling, Indian Bread)
87.2 Chemical Constituents
87.3 Pharmacological Studies
87.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
87.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
88 Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch. 7F8A681683DC (Yangqicai, Hijiki)
88.2 Chemical Constituents
88.2.4 Other Nutritious Components
88.3 Pharmacological Studies
88.3.1 Antitumor Activity
88.3.2 Antivirus Activity
88.3.3 Immunomodulating Activity
88.3.4 Antihyperlipidemic Effect
88.4 TCM Applications and Dietary Usage
88.6 Safety Evaluation and Toxicity Data
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