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Disorders of the Hand; Volume 1: Hand Injuries.

Tác giả: Trail, Ian A.; Fleming, Andrew N.M.

Chủ đề:

Chủ đề: Handbook; Hand Reconstruction; Hand injurie; Surgical techniques

Nhà xuất bản: Springer

Năm xuất bản: 2015

Loại tài liệu: Book

Mô tả vật lý: 477 p.

Định danh: 978-1-4471-6554-5

Ngôn ngữ: en

Đọc trực tuyến

Disorders of the Hand describes the techniques for diagnosis applicable to the various disorders of the hand and how evidence based findings influence clinical practice. Treatment options including surgery are discussed in detail and clinical pearls are given in every chapter. Hand injuries are comprehensively covered in this first of four volumes, while hand reconstruction, nerve compression, inflammation and arthritis, swelling and tumours, congenital hand defects and surgical techniques are included in the book's three sister volumes.

Cover
Title page
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
1: Blood Vessels
- Introduction
- Anatomy
  - Arterial System
  - Lymphatic System
  - Venous System
- Evaluation of Vascular Disorders of the Upper Limb
  - Examination
  - History and Presentation
  - Investigation
- Physiology
- Causes of Injury to Blood Vessels
  - Traumatic Injury
    - Penetrating Trauma
    - Blunt Trauma
    - Surgical Treatment
  - Compressive Injury to Blood Vessels
  - Acute Occlusive Conditions Affecting Vessels
    - Thrombosis
    - Embolism
    - Aneurysm
    - Iatrogenic
  - Vasospastic Injuries
    - Arteriovenous Fistula
  - Systemic Processes Causing Vessel Injury
    - Connective Tissue Disease
    - Blood Disorders
    - Renal Insufficiency
    - Sepsis
- References
2: Nerve Injury
- Introduction
- Nerve Anatomy and Microanatomy
  - Nerve Micro-Anatomy
  - Blood Supply and Surgical Anatomy
- Nerve Division
  - Physiology of Peripheral Nerves Following Injury
  - Morphology of Peripheral Nerves Following Injury
  - How Does the Response of Denervated Schwann Cells to Reinnervation Relate to Time?
  - Protection of Motor Neurons and Sensory Neurons Following Injury
- Clinical Assessment of the Injured Nerve
  - Assessment of Sensory Function
  - General Assessment
  - History
  - Assessment of Motor Function
  - Other Techniques
- Nerve Recovery After Direct Repair Following Division
  - Principles of Nerve Repair
  - Terms
  - Timing of Nerve Repair
- Surgical Technique for Nerve Repair
  - General Considerations
  - Epineural Repair
  - Fascicular Repair
  - Post-operative Care and Complications
  - Results of End to End Neurosynthesis
- Complex Injury
  - Classification
  - Traction Injury
  - Gun Shot Wound
  - Neurapraxia
- Management of a Nerve gap
  - Principles of Nerve Grafting
  - Donor Nerves
  - Surgical Technique of Nerve Grafting
  - Nerve Conduits
  - Vascularised Nerve Grafts and Allografts
- Nerve Transfer
  - Clinical Application
  - Indications
  - Principles
  - End to Side Neurosynthesis
- Investigations After Nerve Injury
  - Exploration
  - Investigation
- Summary
- References
3: Injury: Tendons – Flexor
- Introduction
- Clinical Evaluation
- Historical Background
- Surgical Anatomy
- Technique of Repair (See Appendix)
- Timing of Repair
- Methods of Repair
- Management of the Tendon Sheath
- Post-operative Management
- Repair in Other Zones
- Severe Injuries
  - The Zone 2 Black-Box
- Classification of Injuries
- Appendix: Fine Detail of the Technique of Primary Flexor Tendon Repair
- Specialisation in Flexor Tendon Surgery and Rehabilitation
- References
4: Injuries: Tendon – Extensor
- Anatomy
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Closed Mallet Finger
- Closed Rupture of the Central Slip (Boutonnière Injury)
- Sagittal Band Rupture
- Classification of Extensor Tendon Injuries
- Principles of Surgical Treatment for Open Injuries
- Open Zone 1 Injuries (Distal Interphalangeal Joint)
- Open Zone 2 Injuries (Middle Phalanx)
- Open Zone 3 Injuries (Proximal Interphalangeal Joint)
- Open Zone 4 Injuries (Proximal Phalanx)
- Open Zone 5 Injuries (Metacarpophalangeal Joint)
- Open Zone 6 Injuries (Metacarpal)
- Open Zone 7 Injuries (Wrist)
- Open Zone 8 (Distal Forearm)
- Open Zone 9 (Proximal Forearm)
- Rehabilitation and Results
- References
5: General Principles of Skin Cover and Flaps to the Elbow, Forearm, Wrist and Hand
- Introduction
- Trauma – General Principles
- Anaesthetic Management
- Trauma – Specific Considerations
  - Vascularity
  - Compartment Compression
  - Wound Contamination
  - Escharotomy in the Burnt Hand and Upper Limb
  - Wound Debridment, Judging Tissue Viability and Assessing Tissue Degloving
- Cancer Reconstruction
- Skin Cover
  - General Principles
    - Cosmesis of the Primary and Secondary Defects
  - Specific Wound Closure Techniques
- Flap Reconstruction
  - Local Flaps
    - Perforator Fascio-Cutaneous Flaps
    - Proximally Based Fascio-Cutaneous Flaps
    - Distally Based Fascio-Cutaneous Flaps
    - Adipo Fascial Turnover Flaps
  - Distant Pedicled Flaps
    - Inferiorly Based Abdominal Flaps
    - Pedicled Groin Flap
    - Cross-Arm Flaps
  - Micro Vascular Free Flap Transfers
    - Skin and Fasciocutaneous Free Flaps
    - Myo-Cutaneous Flaps
    - Free Innervated Muscle Flaps
- When Multiple Flaps Are Needed
- How to Make the Decision on the Choice of Flap?
- References
6: Soft Tissue Cover of the Hand
- Part 1. Non-flap Based Approaches to Soft Tissue Cover
  - Composite Grafts
  - Healing by Secondary Intention
  - Skin Grafts
- Part 2. Flap Cover of the Digits
  - Background
    - Classifications
    - Functional Considerations
    - Sensory Considerations
  - Soft Tissue Cover of the Fingertips (Index to Little)
    - Homodigital Flaps
      - Hatchet Flap
      - VY Advancement Flaps
      - Bilateral Lateral VY Flaps (Kutler and Segmuller Flaps)
      - Homodigital Triangular Advancement Island Flaps (Venkatswami)
      - Reverse Homodigital Flap
    - Surgical Techniques
    - Heterodigital Flaps
      - Cross Finger Flap
    - Distant Flaps
  - Soft Tissue Cover of Defects Proximal to the Fingertip
    - Dorsal Injuries
      - Nailbed Defects
        
        Turnover Adipofascial Flap
        
        Microvascular Toenail Transfer
      - Defects of Dorsal Middle Phalanx
        
        Homodigital Adipofascial Turnover Flap (Merle Flap)
      - Defects of Dorsal Proximal Phalanx
        
        Dorsal Metacarpal Artery Perforator Flaps (Quaba Flap)
      - Volar Finger Defects
  - Outcomes of Fingertip Reconstruction
    - Level III Evidence – Retrospective Comparative Reviews
    - Level IV Evidence – Non-comparative Case Series
  - Algorithm for Management (Flow Chart 6.1)
- Part 3. The Thumb
  - Classification
  - Local Flaps
    - Homodigital Flaps
      - Palmar Advancement Flaps (Moberg flap)
      - Switch Flap
    - Heterodigital Flaps
      - Heterodigital Neurovascular Island Flaps (Littler/Buchler Flaps)
      - First Dorsal Metacarpal Artery Flap (FDMCA/Foucher Flap)
    - Distant Pedicled Flaps
  - Free Flaps
    - Toe Pulp and Variations (Great Toe Pulp, Tibial Neurocutaneous Flap, Toe Wraparound)
  - Outcomes in Distal Thumb Reconstruction
    - Level III Evidence – Retrospective Comparative Reviews
    - Level IV Evidence – Non-comparative Case Series
- Part 4: Small Free Flaps in Digital and Webspace Reconstruction
  - Free Posterior Interosseus Flap
  - Venous Flow Through Flap
  - Free Medial Plantar Flap
  - First Webspace Free Flap/Dorsalis Pedis Free Flap
- References
7: Distal Interphalangeal Joint and Fractures of the Distal Phalanx
- Anatomy of the Distal Phalanx
- Introduction
- Presentation, Investigation and Treatment Options
  - Investigations
  - Presentation
  - Treatment Options
    - The Subungual Haematoma
    - Avulsion of the Nail
    - Fractures of the Distal Phalanx
    - Fractures of the Tuft of the Distal Phalanx
    - Fractures of the Shaft of the Distal Phalanx
    - Intra-articular Fractures of the Distal Phalanx
    - Jersey Finger, or Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) Tendon Avulsions
    - Amputations of the Fingertip
    - DIP Joint Dislocation
- Surgical Techniques and Rehabilitation
  - Anaesthesia/Analgesia
  - Subungual Haematoma
  - To Remove the Nail or Not?
  - Tourniquet
  - Bony Mallet Finger Fixation Techniques
  - Fixation of the Nail
  - Fixation Techniques
  - Nail Removal
  - Replacing the Nail
  - Amputation
  - Jersey Finger
  - Outcomes
- Complications of Treatment
  - DIP Joint Fusion
    - The Technique
    - Outcomes
- References
- Summary
8: Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Injuries
- Background/Aetiology
- Introduction
- Presentation, Investigation and Treatment Options
- Soft Tissue Injuries
  - Volar Plate and Collateral Ligament Injuries
- Bone
  - Proximal Phalanx
    - Extra-articular Fractures
    - Intra-articular Fractures
  - Base of Middle Phalanx Injuries
    - Dorsal Fracture Subluxation
    - Volar Plate Bony Avulsion From the Volar Base of the Middle Phalanx
    - Pilon Fracture
- Surgical Techniques and Rehabilitation
  - Proximal Phalanx
    - Extra-articular Fracture
    - Intra-articular Fracture
  - Base of Middle Phalanx
    - Fracture Subluxation
    - Pilon Fracture
- Outcome Including Literature Review
  - Base of Middle Phalanx
    - Soft Tissue Injuries
    - Bone Injuries
  - Head of Proximal Phalanx
- Complications
- Conclusion
- Prognosis
- References
9: Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx and Those Involving the Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint
- Introduction
- Assessment
- Diaphyseal Fractures
  - Undisplaced
  - Displaced
  - K-wires
  - Lag Screws
  - Plates
- Specific Fractures
  - Spiral Fractures
    - Approaches
  - Transverse Fractures
  - Metaphyseal Fractures
  - Neck Fractures
    - Late Presentation
  - Condylar Fractures
    - Method of Fixation
    - Surgical Approaches
      - Dorsal
      - Lateral
      - Timing of Surgery
- Problems and Particular Challenges
  - Comminuted Fractures
  - Malunion
  - Non-union
  - Union
- Fractures Around the Metacarpophalageal Joint
  - Avulsion Fractures
  - Metacarpal Head
- Conclusions and Summary
- References
10: Injury-Fractures-Carpo-Metacarpal Joint and Metacarpal
- Functional Anatomy
- Introduction
- Clinical Assessment
- Mechanisms of Injury
- Investigations
- Treatment Options and Outcomes
  - Nonoperative Treatment
  - Head Fractures
  - Operative Treatment
  - Neck Fractures
  - Shaft Fractures
  - Base Fractures and Carpometacarpal Fracture-Dislocations
  - Thumb Metacarpal Fractures
    - Extra-articular Base Fractures
    - Head Fractures
    - Shaft Fractures
    - Intra-articular Base Fractures and Carpometacarpal Fracture-Dislocations
    - Pure Trapeziometacarpal Joint Dislocation
- Rehabilitation
- Complications
  - Bone Loss
  - Hardware Issues
  - Infection
  - Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis
  - Stiffness
  - Malunion
- Conclusions and Personal Views
- Future Development
- References
11: Fractures of Carpal Bones Other than the Scaphoid
- Introduction
- Mechanism
- Anatomy
- Greater-Arc Injuries
- Lunate Fractures
  - Mechanism
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- Triquetrum Fractures
  - Incidence
  - Complications
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- Hamate Fractures
  - Anatomy
  - Diagnosis
  - Mechanism
  - Treatment
- Pisiform Fractures
  - Anatomy
  - Diagnosis
  - Mechanism
  - Treatment
- Capitate Fractures
  - Imaging
  - Incidence
  - Mechanism
  - Treatment
- Trapezium Fractures
  - Complications
  - Diagnosis
  - Incidence
  - Mechanism
  - Treatment
- References
- Summary
- Trapezoid Fractures
12: Acute Scaphoid Fractures
- Introduction
- Mechanism of Injury
- Anatomy
- Classification of Scaphoid Fractures
- Diagnosis
  - Clinical Examination
    - Inspection
    - Movement
    - Palpation
    - Special Tests
  - History
  - Imaging
- Management
  - Non-operative Management
  - Assessment of Fracture Union
  - Operative Management
  - Proximal Pole Fractures
- Surgical Techniques
  - Open – Dorsal Approach (Fig. 12.3)
  - Open Palmar Approach
  - Percutaneous
- Outcome of Acute Scaphoid Fractures
- Conclusions
- References
13: Fractures of the Distal Radius and Distal Radioulnar Joint
- Introduction
- The Injury
- Classification
- What Influences Outcome?
- Imaging
- Extra Articular Fractures
- Intra Articular Fractures
- Fractures of the Distal Ulna
- Associated Injuries
- Insufficiency Fractures
- Implant Evolution
- References
- Summary
14: Hand Injuries in Children
- Epidemiology/Aetiology
- Introduction
- Assessment
- Management
- Fingertip and Nail Bed Injury
- Nail Bed Injury
- Distal Phalanx Injury
- Fingertip Pulp Injury
- Fractures
- Phalangeal Fractures
- Metacarpal Fractures
- Carpal Fractures
- Distal Radius and Ulna Fractures
- Joint Injury
- Tendon Injury
- Flexor Tendon Injury
- Extensor Tendon Injury
- Nerve Injury
- Vascular Injury
- Complex and Mutilating Hand Injuries
- References
15: Acute Thumb and Finger Instability
- General Introduction
- The Distal Digital Joint (DIPJ of the Fingers and IPJ of the Thumb)
  - Anatomy and Clinical Implications
    - The Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIPJ) of the Fingers
      - Bony Architecture
      - Joint Capsule
    - The Thumb Inter Phalangeal Joint (IPJ)
      - Bony Architecture
      - Joint Capsule
  - Introduction
  - The Mallet Finger
    - Epidemiology
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Outcome and Lit Review
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Treatment Options
    - Complications
  - The Mallet Thumb
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Epidemiology
    - Outcome and Lit Review
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Treatment Options
    - Complications
  - Collateral Ligament Injury
    - Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Treatment
  - Joint Dislocation: Dorsal
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Epidemiology
    - Joint Dislocation: Volar
    - Treatment Options
- The Proximal Interphalangeal Joint: (PIPJ)
  - Anatomy and Clinical Implications
    - Bony Architecture and Angles in the Hand
    - Bony Architecture
    - Joint Capsule
    - The Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIPJ) of the Fingers
  - Introduction
  - Dorsal Dislocations
    - Classification
    - Epidemiology and Pathomechanics
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Treatment Options
      - Type I and II Injuries
      - Type III Injuries
    - Complications
    - Outcomes, Personal Views and Conclusions
    - Surgical Treatment
  - Injuries to the Pip Joint
  - Collateral Ligament Ruptures
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Epidemiology and Pathomechanics
    - Treatment Options
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Complications
    - Conclusions/Personal View
    - Outcome and Lit Review
  - Open Dorsal Capsular Injuries
    - Epidemiology and Pathomechanics
    - Classification
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Surgical Treatment
      - Type II Injuries
      - Type III Injuries
      - Type IV Injuries
    - Treatment Options
      - Type I Injuries
    - Complications
    - Outcomes, Personal Views and Conclusions
  - Volar Dislocation of the PIPJ
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Complications
    - Epidemiology and Pathomechanics
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Treatment Options
- The Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint: (MCPJ)
  - Anatomy and Clinical Implications
    - The Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCPJ) of the Thumb
      - Bony Architecture
      - Joint Capsule
      - Extrinsic Joint Support
  - Introduction
  - Dorsal Capsular Injuries (Volar Dislocations)
    - Epidemiology
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Outcome and Lit Review
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Treatment Options
    - Complications
  - Volar Plate Injuries (Dorsal Dislocations)
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Epidemiology
    - Treatment Options
    - Outcome and Lit Review
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Complications
  - Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear of the Thumb: Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint
    - Epidemiology
    - Pathology
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Treatment Options
    - Complications
    - Outcome and Lit Review
  - Radial Collateral Ligament Tear of the Thumb: Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint
    - Epidemiology
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Pathology
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Treatment Options
    - Complications
    - Outcome and Lit Review
- The Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Fingers (MCPJ)
  - Anatomy and Clinical Implications
    - The Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCPJ) of the Fingers
      - Bony Architecture
      - Joint Capsule
      - Extensor Retinacular System
      - Extrinsic Joint Support
  - Introduction
  - Dorsal Metacarpo-Phalangeal Dislocations
    - Epidemiology
  - Complex MCP Subluxation
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Treatment Options
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Complications
    - Outcome and Lit Review
  - Simple MCP Subluxation
  - Volar Metacarpo-Phalangeal Dislocations
  - Lateral Metacarpo-Phalangeal Dislocations
    - Epidemiology
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Complications
    - Outcome and Lit Review
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Treatment Options
  - Sagittal Band Disruptions
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Epidemiology
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Treatment Options
    - Complications
    - Outcome and Lit Review
- The Carpometacarpal Joint of the Fingers (CMCJ)
  - Anatomy and Clinical Implications
    - The Carpometacarpal Joint (CMCJ) of the Fingers
      - Bony Architecture
      - Extrinsic Joint Support
      - Joint Capsule
  - Introduction
  - Dorsal Carpometacarpal Dislocations
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Epidemiology
    - Pathology, Mechanism and Classification
    - Outcome and Lit Review
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Treatment Options
    - Complications
- The Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint: (CMCJ)
  - Anatomy and Clinical Implications
    - The Carpometacarpal Joint (CMCJ) of the Thumb
      - Bony Architecture
      - Extrinsic Joint Support
      - Joint Capsule
  - First Carpometacarpal (Dorsal) Dislocations
    - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
    - Epidemiology
    - Treatment Options
    - Complications
    - Outcome and Lit Review
    - Surgical Treatment
  - Introduction
- References
16: Acute Carpal Instability
- Background and Aetiology
- Introduction
- Presentation, Investigation and Treatment Options
  - Classification of Carpal Instability
- Surgical Techniques and Rehabilitation Including Results
  - Technique of Open Reduction and Repair
    - Isolated Scapholunate Dissociation
    - Isolated Lunotriquetral Dissociation
- Conclusion
- References
17: Acute DRUJ Instability
- Anatomy
- Introduction
- Biomechanics
- Aetiology of Acute Instability
- Presentation
- Imaging
- Physical Examination
- Treatment Options
  - TFCC Repair (Class 1B Injury)
  - Ulnar Styloid Fracture Repair
- Conclusion
- References
18: Massive Upper Limb Trauma
- Introduction
- Assessment of the Patient with the Massively Injured Upper Extremity
- Pain Relief: The Concept of ‘On Arrival Block’
- Assessment of the Massively Injured Upper Extremity
  - To Salvage or Not to Salvage?
- Debridement of the Massively Injured Upper Extremity
  - Technique
- Reconstruction of the Massively Injured Upper Extremity
  - Revascularization Considerations
  - Skeletal Fixation Considerations
- Repair of Functional Units
- Total Primary Reconstruction Versus Staged Reconstruction
- Provision of Soft Tissue Cover
- Outcome
- Rehabilitation
- Secondary Reconstruction
- References
19: Hand Infections
- Introduction
- Acute Infections
  - Introduction
  - Paronychia
  - Herpetic Whitlow
  - Felon
  - Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis
    - Clinical
    - Definition
    - Surgery
    - Outcome
    - Radial and Ulnar Bursae and Space of Parona Infections
  - Deep Space Infections
    - Web Space Infections
    - Dorsal Hand Spaces
    - Hypothenar Space
    - Midpalmar (or Deep Palmar) Space
    - Thenar Space
  - Septic Arthritis
  - Osteomyelitis
  - Bite Injures
    - Human Bites
    - Animal Bites
  - Necrotising Fasciitis
- Atypical Infections
  - Introduction
  - Mycobacterial Infections
    - Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB)
    - Cutaneous Tuberculosis
    - Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
    - Tuberculous Tenosynovitis
    - Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
    - Tuberculous Arthritis
    - Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae)
  - Fungal Infections
    - Cutaneous Fungal Infections
    - Deep or Systemic Fungal Infections
    - Subcutaneous Fungal Infections
- Summary
- References
20: Pain Management in Disorders of the Hand
- Pain Physiology
  - Neuropathic Pain
  - Nociceptive Pain
    - Central Nociception
    - Peripheral Nociception
  - Progression of Acute Pain to Chronic Pain
  - Pre-emptive and Preventive Analgesia
- Assessment of Pain
  - The Pain History
    - Character of Pain
    - Intensity of Pain
      - Numerical Rating Scale
      - Verbal Rating Scale
      - Visual Analogue Scale
  - Examination
- Acute Pain
  - Postoperative Pain
    - Diagnosis
    - Management: Patient Information and Education
    - Management: Pharmacotherapy
      - Simple (Non Opioid) Analgesics
      - Opioid Analgesics
      - Adjuvants
    - Management: Interventional Procedures
      - Local Anaesthetic Blockade
      - Ultrasound Visualisation
- Persistent (Chronic) Pain
  - Post Amputation Pain
    - Epidemiology
    - Management: Non-pharmacological
    - Management: Overview
      - Prevention
    - Management: Pharmacotherapy
      - Antineuropathic agents
      - Calcitonin
      - Ketamine
      - Opioid Analgesics
      - Simple (Non Opioid) Analgesics
  - Neuropathic Pain
    - Epidemiology
    - Diagnosis
      - Signs
      - Symptoms
    - Management: Patient Information and Education
    - Management: Pharmacotherapy
      - First Line Treatment
      - Other Agents
      - Second Line Treatment
      - Third Line Treatment
    - Management: Interventional Procedures
    - Management: Physical and Vocational Rehabilitation
  - Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
    - Diagnosis
    - Epidemiology
    - Management: Overview
      - Management: Patient Information and Education
      - Management: Pharmacotherapy
      - Management: Interventional Procedures
      - Management: Psychological Intervention
      - Management: Physical and Vocational Rehabilitation
- References
Index