Examples will be provided throughout the text of various disease states, including the spread of cystic fi brosis in children, consanguineous marriages in Saudi Arabia, genetic disorders, and autoimmune disorders. The protocols from sample preparation to confocal scanning microscopy and detectors using photo multiplier tubes to statistical data analysis methods will be discussed in detail. The Polymerase chain reaction, a technique used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule is explored in relation to the best surface to be used for Microarray Analysis. Sanger sequencing, sequencing by synthesis, sequencing by ligation, single molecule sensing, DNA passage through nanopores in graphene are some methods used for obtaining sequence distribution information.