Copyright â Springer - 2016
Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Parenteral Nutrition in Premature Infants
Postnatal AA Requirements
Recommendations for AA Supply
Hypo- and Hyperglycemia in Premature Infants
Intravenous Carbohydrates Solutions
Postnatal Glucose Metabolism
Recommendations for Glucose Supply
Postnatal Energy Metabolism
Recommendations for Energy Supply During Partial PN
Recommendations for Energy Supply During Total P N
Postnatal Fluid and Electrolytes Metabolism
Postnatal Fluid and Electrolytes Monitoring
Recommendations for Fluid and Electrolytes Supply
Individualized and Standardized PN Solutions
Intravenous Lipid Emulsions
Postnatal Lipid Metabolism
Recommendations for Lipid Supply
Minerals: Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium
Postnatal Mineral Metabolism
Recommendation for Mineral Supply
Nutritional Support in Premature Infants
The Standard for Premature Infants Growth
Esophagoscopy, Biopsy, and Brushing
Other Causes of Fungal Esophagitis
Association with Other Diseases
Dietary Management of EoE
Microvillus Inclusion Disease and Tufting Enteropathy
The Larger Group of “Intractable Diarrheas of Infancy”
Small-Intestinal Enteropathy of Unknown Origin
Intractable Ulcerating Enterocolitis of Infancy
Congenital Enterocyte Heparan Sulfate Deficiency
Congenital Intestinal Integrin Deficiency
Congenital Secretory Diarrheas
Diseases of the Intestinal Epithelium
Microvillus Inclusion Disease
Clinical presentation: case report
Microvillus Inclusion Disease is a Congenital Secretory Diarrhea Starting in Neonatal Age
Tufting Enteropathy (or Intestinal Epithelial Dysplasia)
The Spectrum of Autoimmune Enteropathy
Congenital Problems of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Conditions Affecting the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophageal Atresia and Trache-esophageal Fistula
Obstructive Lesions of the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
Conditions Affecting the Duodenum
Conditions Affecting the Ileum and Jejunum
Congenital Hepatic, Pancreatic, and Biliary Abnormalities
Conditions Affecting the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Conditions Which May Occur at Any Point in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Gastrointestinal Duplications
Conditions Affecting the Walls of the Abdominal Cavity
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Anterior Abdominal Wall Defects
Etiology and Risk Factors
Clinical Features and Differential Diagnosis
Investigations and Diagnosis
Metabolic Changes in Pyloric Stenosis
Gastrointestinal Problems of the Newborn
Gastrointestinal Problems of Term Babies
GI Problems of Preterm Infants
Progressive Increment of Oral Feeding in Premature Infants
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Background of Prematurity and NEC
Upper and Lower Endoscopy
Lower Digestive Neonatal Endoscopy Findings (Colonoscopy)
Upper Digestive Neonatal Endoscopy
Enteral Nutrition in Preterm Neonates
Nutrition Objectives in Premature Neonates
Enteral Nutrition During the Early Adaptive Period
Nutrition During the Intermediate and Stable Growing Period
Bolus or (Semi-) Continuous Feeding
Start, Check the Tolerance and Increments of Enteral Feeding
Nutrient Needs in Enteral Feed Neonates
Enteral Nutrition Protein Composition
Enteral Nutrition Fat Composition
Carbohydrates Requirements
Enteral Nutrition Carbohydrates Composition
Calcium and Phosphorus Composition in Enteral Nutrition
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements
Oral Vitamin Requirements
Breast Milk Fortification
Monitoring Effects of Artificial Nutrition on Growth
Anthropometric Measurements
Laboratory and Biomedical Tools
Side Effects and Complications of Enteral Nutrition
Post-discharge Nutrition in Preterm Infants
GER(D) and Cow’s Milk Allergy
Prevalence, Environmental, and Genetic Factors
GER and Uncomplicated Regurgitation
GER(D), Recurrent Regurgitation, and Poor Weight Gain
GER(D) and Distressed Behavior
GER(D) and Eosinophilic Esophagitis
GER(D), Heartburn, and Infant Crying
GER(D) and Extraesophageal Manifestations
GER(D) and Reactive Airway Disease
GER(D) and Cystic Fibrosis
GER(D) and Dental Erosions
GER(D) and ENT Manifestations
GER(D) and Recurrent Pneumonia
GER(D) and Sandifer Syndrome
GER(D), Dysphagia, Odynophagia, and Food Refusal
GER(D) and Apnea, ALTE and SIDS
GER(D) and Neurologic Impairment
GER(D) and Other Risk Groups
Complications of Non-intervention
Nonpharmacological and Nonsurgical Therapies for GER
Pharmacological and Nonsurgical Therapies for GER
H²-Receptor Antagonists and Proton Pump Inhibitors
Prokinetics and Other Nonacid Reducing/Blocking Medication
Alginate (-Antacids) and Mucosaprotectors
Surgery and Therapeutic Endoscopic Procedures
Endoscopic Botulinum Toxin Injection
Follow-Up and Surveillance
Helicobacter pylori Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease
Epidemiology and Transmission
Other Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Clinical Presentation of H. pylori Infection
Treatment for H. pylori Infection
Assessment of Eradication
Epidemiology and Etiology
Pathophysiology of Viral Diarrhea
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Viral Diarrhea
Evaluation and Treatment of Children with Acute Diarrhea
Prevention of Rotavirus Diarrhea
Bacterial Infections of the Small and Large Intestine
Intestinal Ion Transport and Barrier Functions
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy in Sporadic Cases of Acute gastroenteritis (AGE)
Antimicrobial Therapy of Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Other Causes of Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Antimicrobial Therapy of Systemic Infections due to Enteric Pathogens or Involvement of Extraintestinal Organs
Blastocystis Species (Blastocystis hominis)
Cystoisospora belli (Isospora belli)
Hookworm (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Pinworm (E. vermicularis)
Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)
Taenia saginata and Taenia solium
Persistent Diarrhea in Children in Developing Countries
Consequences of Persistent Diarrhea
Rapid Resuscitation, Antibiotic Therapy, and Stabilization
Micronutrient Supplementation
Follow-Up and Nutritional Rehabilitation in Community Settings
Improved Case Management of Diarrhea
Other Potential Modalities
The Spectrum of GI Disorders in HIV Infection
Interaction Between HIV and Intestine
HAART and HIV Enteropathy
Upper Gastrointestinal Infections
Management of Diarrhea in HIV-infected Children
Functional Abdominal Pain and Other Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Recurrent (Functional) Abdominal Pain
Abdominal Pain Associated with Altered Bowel Habit (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
Abdominal Pain Associated with Symptoms of Dyspepsia (Functional or Non-ulcer Dyspepsia)
Isolated Paroxysmal Abdominal Pain (FAP, FAP Syndrome)
Etiology of Recurrent Abdominal Pain
Pain Syndromes in Childhood: Historical Perspective and the Modern Integration with Stressors
Personality Type and Family Factors
Visceral Hypersensitivity in the Context of Physiological Peristalsis
Differential Diagnosis of Functional Pain
Psychological Interventions
Standard Medical Care/Reassurance
Life Style and Dietary Management
Outcome of Recurrent Abdominal Pain
Infant Rumination Syndrome
Other Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Recommended Clinical Approach
Older Children and Adolescents
Adolescent Rumination Syndrome
Non Retentive Faecal Incontinence
Disorders of Sucking and Swallowing
Development and Normal Swallowing Function
Respiratory Complications
Physical and Clinical Evaluation
Defecation Disorders in Children: Constipation and Functional Fecal Incontinence
Extraintestinal Symptoms and Psychological Problems
Final Pathway for Both Age Groups
Infants and Young Children
Clinical Evaluation of Children with Defecation Disorders
Infants and Young Children
Older Children and Adolescents
Fecal Disimpaction from Rectum
Toilet Training and Behavioral Therapy
Biofeedback and Physiotherapy
Introduction and Epidemiology
Functional Nonretentive FI
Hirschsprung’s Disease and Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasias
The RET Signaling Pathway
The Endothelin Signaling Pathway
Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia
Short- and Long-Term Prognosis
Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction in Childhood
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Natural History and Prognosis
Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Problems in Neurologically Handicapped Children
Feeding and Nutritional Aspects
Cyclic Versus Chronic Patterns of Vomiting
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Subtypes of CVS and Comorbidities
Supportive or Rescue Therapy
Natural History, Quality of Life (QOL) Impact, and Complications
Immunopathogenesis and Specific Disorders
Management of Acute IgE-Mediated Reactions
Natural History of IgE-Mediated Reactions
Cell-Mediated Food-Allergic Disorders
Food- Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome
Food-Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis
Food-Protein-Induced Enteropathy
Additional Disorders Sometimes Attributed to Allergy
Mixed IgE- and Cell-Mediated Disorders
History and Physical Examination
Tests for Food-Specific IgE
Diagnostic Food Elimination Diets
Unproven Tests that Are Not Recommended
Dietary Treatment of Food Allergies
Maternal Diet and Allergies in Breastfeeding
Nutritional Issues in Food Allergy
Eosinophilic Gastroenteropathy
GI Eosinophils: Biology and Function
Eosinophils in the GI Tract Mucosa
Epidemiology of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Histopathology of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Clinical Manifestations of EGE
Diagnostic Imaging Techniques in Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Natural History of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Treatment of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Indeterminate Colitis/Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unclassified (IBD-U)
Clinical Presentation of Indeterminate colitis
Epidemiologic Aspects of Indeterminate colitis
Criteria for Histologic Diagnosis of Indeterminate colitis
Serologic Markers and Defining IBD Categories
Small-Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
Medical Therapy of Indeterminate colitis
Natural History of Indeterminate colitis
Surgical Treatment of Indeterminate colitis
Immunology and Cell Biology
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Endoscopic and Radiographic Evaluation
Pathology of Ulcerative Colitis
Extraintestinal Manifestations
Left-Sided Colitis/Proctitis
5 -Aminosalicylic Acid Agents
6 -Mercaptopurine and Azathioprine
Vasculitides Including Henoch–Schưnlein Purpura
Henoch–Schӧnlein Purpuraundefined
Kawasaki Diseaseundefined
Systemic Polyarteritis Nodosaundefined
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg–Strauss Syndrome)undefined
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis)undefined
Microscopic Polyangiitisundefined
Single-Organ Vasculitisundefined
Takayasu Arteritisundefined
Investigation of Children with Suspected GI Vasculitic Disordersundefined
Juvenile Dermatomyositisundefined
Rheumatoid-Associated Vasculitisundefined
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Vasculitisundefined
Lymphonodular Hyperplasia
Endoscopic Assessment and Criteria
Anatomical Distribution of LNH
LNH and Food Hypersensitivity
Lymphonodular in other Diseases and Conditions
Hereditary Pancreatitis and Chronic Pancreatitis
Exocrine Pancreatic Function Testing
Pancreatic Enzyme Supplementation
Fecal Microbial Transplant: For Whom, How, and When
FMT for C. difficile Infection
FMT for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Donor and Recipient Screening
Ethical, Legal, Social, and Regulatory Issues
Summary and Potential Future of FMT
Bacterial Fingerprinting: Matching Donors and Recipients
Stool Banks and Encapsulation
Stool Substitutes: Building Microbial Communities In Vitro
Congenital Disorders of Intestinal Electrolyte Transport
Congenital Chloride Diarrhea
Congenital Sodium Diarrhea
Familial Diarrhea Syndrome
Immunodeficiency Disorders Resulting in Malabsorption
Evaluation of a Child with Suspected Primary Immunodeficiency
Predominant B-Cell (Antibody) Deficiency
Selective Ig A Deficiency
X-Linked-Agammaglobulinemia
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Combined T and B cell Immunodeficiency
Disorder of Phagocytes Function
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Immune Dysregulation Diseases
IPEX and IPEX-Like Disorders
Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-10-Receptor Defects
Immunodeficiency Associated with Other Defects
Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome
Congenital Disorders of Lipid Transport
Intestinal Lipid Absorption Overview
Molecular Genetic Basis for Congenital Defects in Lipid Absorption: Overview
Genotype–Phenotype Associations in CRD
CRD, OMIM #246700: Clinical Features and Management
Congenital Disorders of CM Assembly: Genetics and Clinical Features of ABL and FHBL
Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL, OMIM #200100): Clinical Features and Management
Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL, OMIM #200100): Molecular Genetics and Prevalence
CRD, OMIM #246700: Molecular Genetics and Prevalence
FHBL, OMIM #107730: Clinical Features and Management
FHBL, OMIM #107730: Molecular Genetics and Prevalence
Johanson–Blizzard Syndrome
Pearson Marrow–Pancreas Syndrome
Shwachman–Diamond Syndrome
Pancreatic Insufficiency in Cystic Fibrosis
Pathophysiology of Pancreatic Insufficiency in Cystic Fibrosis
Diagnosis of Pancreatic Insufficiency
Non-HLA Genetic Susceptibility Factors
The Central Role of HLA-DQ Haplotype
Infant Feeding Practices and CD Development
IELs Activation and the Induction of Tissue Damage
The Adaptive Immune Response in CD
The Innate Immune Response
Extraintestinal Manifestations
Future Potential Therapeutic Strategies
Animal Models for CF GI Disease
CFTR Dysfunction: Gastrointestinal Consequences
Exocrine Pancreatic Abnormalities
Exocrine Pancreatic Function
Diagnosis of Pancreatic Phenotype
Oral Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy
Celiac Disease and Crohn’s Disease in CF
Distal Intestinal Obstruction Syndrome
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Small-Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Nutritional Complications
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Prevalence and Associated Conditions
Physiology and Pathophysiology
Micronutrient Abnormalities
Malnutrition: A Global Problem
Trends of Child Nutrition
Short- and Long-Term Consequences
Addressing the Burden of Undernutrition
Broader-Scale Interventions
Global Inclination Toward Undernutrition
Functional Effect of Probiotics
Functional Characterization of Probiotics
Basis of the Biological Effect of Probiotics
Microbiological Functionality
Immunological Functionality
Lowering Health Detrimental Components in the Gut
Nutritional Functionality
Physiological Functionality
Probiotic Products in Prevention and Treatment
Acute Infectious Diarrhea
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis
Extraintestinal Infections and Other Effects
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Physiological Basis of Continuous Enteral Feeding
Gastrointestinal Motility
Digestive Secretion and Hormonal Response
Effects of CEN on Energy Expenditure and Feeding Tolerance
Effects of CEN on Mucosal Trophicity
Conditions with Normal Intestinal Absorptive Function
Eating Disorders: Anorexia
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Graft Versus Host Disease
Severe Protracted Diarrhea of Infancy
Congenital and Newborn Intestinal Disorders and Pseudo-obstruction
Other Malabsorption Syndromes
Techniques of Delivering Enteral Nutrition
Regulation of Intakes and Rhythm of EN Delivery
Complications of Enteral Nutrition Therapy
Functional Complications of Feeding Tubes
Gastrointestinal Complications
Mechanical, Infectious, and Metabolic Complications
Home Enteral Nutrition (HEN)
Parenteral Nutrition in Infants and Children
History and Development of PN
Monitoring on PN Treatment
Complications of Short-Term PN
Refeeding Syndrome and Metabolic Disorders
CVC Occlusion and Venous Thrombosis
Home Parenteral Nutrition
Organization of PN at Home
Complications of PN at Home
Specific Features of PN at Home
Weaning/Withdrawing PN Treatment
Pathogenesis and Natural History
Complications and Prognosis
Gross and Microscopic Anatomy
Variations of Patent VI Duct Anomalies
Abdominal Conditions Mimicking Appendicitis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Laparoscopic Appendectomy
Management of Appendicular Abscess
Post Appendectomy Abscess
Gastrointestinal Vascular Anomalies
Classification of Vascular Lesions
Group II: Vascular Malformations
Group II: Vascular Malformations: Associated Syndromes
Osler–Weber–Rendu Disease (Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia)
Group III: Lymphatic Malformations
Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia (Waldmann’s Disease)
Investigations and Treatment
Polyps and Other Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract
JPS juvenile polyposis syndrome, PTEN phosphatase and tensin,PJS Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, FAP familial adenomatous polyposis, HHT hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasiaThe Single Hamartomatous Polyp (the Juvenile Polyp)
Clinical Presentation of Gastrointestinal Polyps
Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes
Clinical Features and Diagnosis
Screening, Management, and Complications
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
Genetics of Juvenile Polyposis
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy, VCE video capsule endoscopy, MRI magnetic resonance imaging Adenomatous Polyposis Syndromes
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Diagnosis: Interpretation of the Genetic Test and Clinical Screening in FAP
MYH-Associated Polyposis and Lynch Syndrome
Other Polyposis Syndromes
Other Tumors of the GI Tract (Excluding the Stomach and Hepato-biliary)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Gastrointestinal Autonomic Nerve Tumors
Inflammatory Pseudotumors
Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Epidemiology and Classification
The Role of a Polyposis Registry
Growing Up with Liver Disease
Adolescent Development and Its Interaction with Liver Disease
Medical Aspects of Growing Up with Liver Disease
Impact of Liver Disease on Physical Development
Psychological Aspects of Growing Up with Liver Disease
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Transition from Paediatric to Adult-Centred Health Services
New Horizons in Pediatric Hepatology: A Glimpse of the Future
Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy of Liver Disease
Endogenous Liver Stem Cells
Hepatoblasts and Foetal Liver Progenitor Cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Small Molecules and Chaperones
Normal Liver Anatomy and Introduction to Liver Histology
The Development of the Liver
Liver Vascularisation and Innervation
Liver Microarchitecture and Basics of Liver Histology
Diagnostic Procedures in Pediatric Hepatology
Imaging of Cholestatic Jaundice
Congenital and Acquired Vascular Disorders
Intra- and Extrahepatic Vascular Shunts
Imaging of Transplant Liver
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia
Radiological Approach to the Child with a Focal Liver Lesion
Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Imaging of Liver Trauma in Children
Infantile Cholestasis: Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm
Susceptibility of the Neonatal Liver to Cholestasis
Biliary Atresia and Choledochal Malformations
Variants of Biliary Atresia
Aspartate Aminotransferase-to-Platelet Ratio Index
Miscellaneous Diagnostic Techniques
Percutaneous Liver Biopsy
Adjuvant Therapy for Biliary Atresia
Outcome Following Kasai Portoenterostomy
Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis, Caroli’s Disease, and Other Fibrocystic Liver Diseases
Pathophysiology of CHF and CD
Liver Development Overview
The Ductal Plate Malformation
Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein
Animal Models of Ciliopathies
Associated Syndromes and Ciliopathies
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
COACH Syndrome Related to Joubert Syndrome
Other Fibrocystic Liver Disease and Differential Diagnosis
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Clinical Manifestations of Alagille Syndrome
Diagnostic Considerations
Genetics of Alagille Syndrome
Genotype–Phenotype Correlations
Gene Identification and Mutation Analysis
Management of Alagille Syndrome
Other Extrahepatic Disease
Prognosis of Alagille Syndrome
Chronic Viral Hepatitis B and C
Pathogenesis of Chronic HBV Infection
Relevance of Genotypes and Mutants
Pathogenesis of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection
Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Liver
Bacterial, Spirochaetal and Rickettsial Infections
Other Rare Fungal Infections
Liver Disease in Primary Immunodeficiencies
Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Epidemiology and Genetic Predisposition
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy–Candidiasis–Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED)
Autoimmune Sclerosing Cholangitis
De novo AIH After Liver Transplantation
Pathophysiology of De Novo AIH after Liver Transplant
Liver Transplant and Autoimmune Liver Disease
Inherited Metabolic Disorders and the Liver
Inherited Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Glycogen Storage Disorders
Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Deficiency
Congential Disorders of Glycosylation
Inherited Disorders of Protein Metabolism
Hyperornithinemia, Hyperammonemia, Homocitrillinuria Syndrome and Ornithine Aminotransferase Deficiency
Lysinuric Protein Intolerance
Inherited Defects of Lipid Metabolism
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase 9 (ACAD 9)
Other Inherited Metabolic Disorders
Lysosomal Storage Disorders
Wolman/Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease
Liver Histology and Ultrastructural Changes
Twenty-Four-Hour Urinary Copper Excretion
Mutations in the WD ATP7B Gene, Locus 13q14.3 and Genetic Testing Strategy
Diagnosis in Different Clinical Scenarios
Scoring System for Diagnosis of WD
Different Clinical Presentations and Choice of Medical Therapy
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Epidemiology and Predisposing Factors
Cytokines and Inflammation
Natural History and Management
Noninvasive Biomarkers in NAFLD
Noninvasive Markers of Fibrosis in NAFLD
Serum Biomarkers and NASH
Noninvasive Biomarkers and Imaging
Non-hypothesis Driven Search for Novel Biomarkers Using New Technologies
Future Areas for Research
Vascular Disorders of the Liver
Congenital Anomalies of the Portal Vein
Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction
Abnormalities of the Sinusoidal Blood Flow
Physical Occlusion of the Sinusoids
Pseudoaneurysm of the Hepatic Artery
Budd–Chiari Syndrome (BCS)
Veno-Occlusive Disease (VOD)
Congestive Cardiac Failure
Arteriovenous Malformations
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Parenchymal Response to Vascular Injury
Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia (NRH)
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH)
Benign and Malignant Vascular Tumors
Portal Hypertension in Children
Anatomy of the Portal Venous System
Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension
Increase of Vascular Resistance
Extra-hepatic Causes of PH
Increase of Portal Blood Flow
Intrahepatic Causes of PH
Other Pathogenetic Mechanisms of PH
Systemic Hemodynamic Changes in Portal Hypertension
Clinical Manifestation of Portal Hypertension
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Other Major Complications of Portal Hypertension
Non-cirrhotic Portal Hypertension
Non-cirrhotic Portal Fibrosis (NCPF)
Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction
Portal Hypertensive Biliopathy
Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy
Diagnosis of Portal Hypertension
Measurement of Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient
Management of Portal Hypertension
Endoscopy for Screening and Management of Esophageal Varices
Management of Acute Variceal Bleeding
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
A Protocol for Screening, Prophylaxis, and Treatment of Esophageal Varices
Tumor Markers in Childhood Liver Tumors
Staging and Prognostication
Embryonal Sarcoma (Undifferentiated Sarcoma of Liver)
Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Calcifying Nested Stromal-Epithelial Tumor
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Acute Liver Failure in Children
Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease
Fluid Management and Renal Failure
Disease Specific Management
Auxiliary Liver Transplantation
Hepatocyte Transplantation
Complications of Cirrhosis in Children
Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis
Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis
Complications and Management of Cirrhosis
Complications of Cirrhosis
Management of Variceal Bleed
Pathogenesis of PHT in Cirrhosis
Increased Resistance to Portal Flow
Variceal Bleed in Portal Hypertension
Prophylactic Therapy for Variceal Bleed
Neurological Complications in Cirrhosis
Neuropsychological Assessment
Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy
Role of Neurotoxins and Inflammatory Mediators in HE
Critical Flicker Frequency
Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy
Pathophysiology of Ascites
Pulmonary Complications in Cirrhosis
Renal Involvement in Cirrhosis
Portopulmonary Hypertension
Other System Involvement in Cirrhosis
Nutritional Management of Children with Liver Disease
Nutritional Management of Chronic Liver Disease
Increased Energy Expenditure
Insufficient Nutrient Intake
Insufficient Nutrient Intake
Increased Energy Expenditure
Achieving Increased Nutritional Requirements
Increasing the Nutrient Density of Meals and Snacks
Supplementation with High-Energy Sip or Tube Feeds
Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation
Nutritional Assessment and Monitoring
The Management of Common Liver Conditions
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Parenteral-nutrition-associated Liver Disease
The Nutritional Management of Acute Liver Failure
Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Surgery-Related Complications
Other Surgical Complications
Primary Graft Nonfunction or Dysfunction
PV Thrombosis and Stenosis
Timing of Transplantation
Nonsurgical Complications
Lymphoproliferative Disease and Epstein–Barr Infection
Transition to Adolescence and Young Adult Life: Adulthood
Recent Developments in Transplant Surgery
Donation After Circulatory Death Donation
Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Graft and Patient Survival
Long-Term Outlooks and Trends
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